Timeline: Geertruij Jacomina ZUURDEEG: The ZUURDEEG Family

	Date	Event(s)
1	1805	1805: UK - Ludolf Christian Treviranus said that spermatozoa were analogous to pollen 1805: UK/FR - Admiral Horatio Nelson defeats French at Battle of Trafalgar. 1805: US - Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific Ocean. 1805: CA/US - Vermont passes an act to establish the line between that State and Canada 1805: NL - Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck raadpensionaris. 21 Oct 1805: UK - Battle of Trafalgar, Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson trounces French and Spanish fleets for Britain, is mortally wounded; John Wilkinson expires, buried in iron coffin
2	1806	1806: Africa - Cape Colony passes under British control 1806: UK - Louis Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet isolated the first amino acid, asparagine' from asparagus. 1806: UK - Sir Humphry Davy discovers sodium, magnesium, potassium, many other metals, and chlorine 1806: CA - Minor trouble arises after 1806 when a governor attempts to anglicize Lower Canada, but he is able to quell dissent if not to achieve his goal. 1806: US - On return trip John Colter is released from the Lewis and Clark Expedition to join Forrest Hancock and Joseph Dickson (Dixon) to trap the Yellowstone River. 1806: CA - Le Canadien, a Quebec nationalist newspaper, is founded. 1806: NL - Het 3 Guldenmuntstuk wordt vervangen door de rijksdaalder. 1806: NL - Willem V overlijdt in Brunswijk. Lodewijk Napoleon koning van Holland. 23 Jan 1806: UK - Death of Pitt the Younger
3	1807	1807: UK - Trading in slaves made illegal in England by work of Wilberforce 1807: UK - William Bentinck, Duke of Portland Prime Minister to 1809 (Whig) 1807: USA - Robert Fulton ushered in the era of self-propelled ships with his construction of a commercially viable paddle-wheel steamboat 1807: UK - The slave trade is abolished in the British Empire, although slavery continues in the colonies. 1807: US - The British ship Leopard searches the U.S. Chesapeake for deserters, kills some of the crew and takes Radford, who is hanged. Pending satisfaction, the United States close their ports to British ships, though reparation is tendered. 1807: US/UK - Thomas Jefferson signs bill banning all foreign trade following British attacks on American shipping. 1807: NL - De ontploffing van het kruitschip in Leiden.
4	1808	1808: Peninsular War to drive the French out of Spain (until 1814) 1808: Portugal - Battle of Vimeiro is a British victory; British casualties less than 40,000 dead 1808: CA - The Upper Canada Militia Act 1808 states that all males between ages of sixteen and sixty are required to enroll as militiamen and are to be called out once a year for exercises 1808: NL - Oude Pekela heeft 3371 inwoners, Nieuwe Pekela heeft 3299 inwoners.
5	1809	1809: UK - Two-year commercial boom in Britain 1809: USA - James Madison president of the USA 1809-1817. 1809: UK - Sir Humphry Davy invents the first electric light - the first arc lamp. 1809: UK - Grain famine each of the years to 1812 1809: US - Tecumseh, Shawnee chief, and the Prophet campaign to unite tribes of the Great Lakes, Ohio Valley, and Southeast against the United States. His brother Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee Prophet, is defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. 1809: US - For the next 24 years, Sequoyah single-handedly creates a Cherokee syllabic alphabet so that his people's language can be written. 1809: US - American President James Madison reinstates the embargo on British trade. 3 Nov 1809: CA - John Molson's steam-boat Accommodation starts for Quebec City. It is 85 feet over all, has a 6 horse-power engine, makes the distance in 36 hours, but stops at night and reaches Quebec on November 6. The Accommodation is the second steam-boat in America and, probably, in the world.
6	1810	1810: UK - Final illness of George III begins 1810: Germany - Frederick Koenig invents an improved printing press. 1810: UK - Over the next decade the death rate in England and Wales reaches 21.1 in 1000 1810: US - War Hawks advocate war with Britain, which has been harassing American shipping. 1810: NL - Het Koninkrijk Holland wordt bij Frankrijk ingelijfd. Mar 1810: CA - Le Canadien of Quebec is suppressed, for "seditious utterances." Soldiers, led by a magistrate, seize the plant and apprehend the printer. Warrants to arrest Bedard, Taschereau, Papineau, Viger and others are issued. The Governor asks: "During the fifty years you have been under British rule, has one act of oppression, one instance of arbitrary imprisonment, of violation of property, or of the rights of conscience ever occurred?" 26 Nov 1810: CA - John Molson asks the exclusive right to construct and navigate steam-boats, on the St. Lawrence, for 15 years.
7	1811	1811: UK - Depression caused by Orders of Council. 1811: UK - George III's illness leads to his son, the Prince of Wales, becoming Regent 1811: UK - Ned Ludd leads rioters who smash machinery, burn factories, followers known as Luddites 1811: UK - Birth rate falls all over England during the next 20 years 1811: US - Buildup to war. President James Madison, in his message to Congress, says: "We have seen the British Cabinet not only persist, in refusing satisfaction demanded for the wrongs we have already suffered, but it is extending to our own waters that blockade, which is become a virtual war against us, through a stoppage of our legitimate commerce." 1811: NL - De Engelsen veroveren Java als laatste kolonie van Holland. 1811: NL - Invoering van de burgerlijke stand en kadaster.
8	1812	1812: France - Georges Cuvier, in Discours sur les révolutions de la surface du globe, maintained the stratigraphic succession proved that fossils occur in the chronological order of creation: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. 1812: UK - Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated in the House of Commons by a disgruntled bankrupt 1812: Russia - Napoleon attacks Russia, defeated 1812: London, UK - Cylinder Printing press invented and adopted by The Times 1812: USA - War of 1812: United States vs Great Britain 1812-1815. 1812: US/UK/FR - The Americans gain several victories, on the water, as Napoleon engages the British attention. 1812: CA/US - The United States calls out 175,000 men, Canada 2,000. 1812: NL - Tocht naar Rusland. 18 Jun 1812: CA/US/UK - The U.S. declares war on Britain, beginning the War of 1812. There are but 4,000 British troops in Canada. Sir George Prevost is Governor. Four Canadian battalions are assembled, and the Citadel at Quebec is guarded by the inhabitants. 11 Jul 1812: CA/US - Americans under General William Hull invade Canada from Detroit. 16 Aug 1812: CA/US - Sir Isaac Brock with a force of 1,350, nearly half Indians, takes Detroit. He paroles many of Hull's 2,000. 20 Aug 1812: CA - Launch of John Molson's second steamboat, the Swiftsure, at Montreal. Oct 1812: CA/US - Almost half of Vermont's Legislators regard war as needless and impolitic; but Vermont imposes a penalty of $1,000 for every unauthorized communication with Canadians. 13 Oct 1812: CA/US - Stephen Van Rensselaer's command is repulsed, on Queenston Heights by Gen. Sheaffe and Governor Brock, who is killed. Of the 10,000 under Van Rensselaer, many were unwilling to invade, though willing to defend the United States. 13 Oct 1812: CA/US - Fighting on the same side as British militia and Mohawk Indians, a group of black soldiers helps force American invaders to retreat in the Battle of Queenston Heights. 25 Oct 1812: CA/US - Battle at St. Regis. 20 Nov 1812: CA/US - Henry Dearborn's command cross the Lacolle. Charles de Salaberry eludes them, and, in the haze, U.S. troops fire upon each other.
9	1813	1813: UK - Canned food was invented for the British Navy by Peter Durand. The cans were made of solid iron and usually weighed more than the food inside them 1813: UK - Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice is published. 1813: India - The monopolies of the East India Company are abolished 1813: Portugal - British victory at Battle of Vittorio 1813: UK - 2300 power looms in use, by 1833 - 100,000 1813: USA - Creek War: United States vs Creek Indians 1813-1814. 1813: CA - Quebec City has a shipping year involving 198 vessels, of 46,514 tons. 1813: NL - De Fransen verlaten ons land. Koning Willem I aanvaardt de soevereiniteit als constitutioneel vorst. 22 Jan 1813: CA/US - General Henry Proctor's 1,300 British and Indians capture 495 U.S. troops, under General Winchester. 7 Feb 1813: CA/US - Battle of Elizabethtown. 27 Apr 1813: CA/US - Battle of York: The Americans, under Henry Dearborn, take York, but the explosion of a magazine kills many of them. Americans burn York. 5 May 1813: CA/US - Battle of Fort George. 1 Jun 1813: US/UK - The English frigate "Shannon" takes the "Chesapeake," in 15 minutes, off Boston. 3 Jun 1813: US/UK - The "Growler" and the "Eagle," which left Plattsburg, yesterday, are taken by the British gun-boats they pursued 7 Jun 1813: CA/US - Capture of Generals Chandler and Winder and 120 U.S. troops, at Burlington Heights, by Lieut. Col. Harvey. The Battle of Stoney Creek is a Canadian victory. 23 Jun 1813: CA/US - Battle of Beaver Dams is a Canadian victory, in part due to Laura Secord's famous 32 km. walk to warn Lieutenant James Fitzgibbon, who had already been warned by Indians. 30 Jul 1813: US/UK - The British destroy Plattsburg's barracks, and fire at Burlington, but avoid the reply. 10 Sep 1813: CA - The Battle of Put-in-Bay (Lake Erie) is an American victory vs. Great Britain. This ensured American control of the lake for the remainder of the war, which in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh. 5 Oct 1813: US - The Battle of Moraviantown, also known as the Battle of the Thames, is an American victory. British supporter and Shawnee Indian Chief Tecumseh is killed. 25 Oct 1813: CA/US - The Battle of Chateauguay, with mostly French-Canadian soldiers is a Canadian victory over larger numbers of American troops. 26 Oct 1813: CA/US - General Hampton, commanding 7,000 U.S. troops, ignorant of Col. Charles de Salaberry's experience, and expecting French desertions, divides his force. Part lose their way; the rest spend their strength in a maze of obstructions. De Salaberry gains the thanks of the commander-in-chief and of both Houses, and decoration by then Prince Regent George IV . 11 Nov 1813: CA/US - The Battle of Crysler's Farm, with English-Canadian soldiers, is a Canadian victory over larger American troops. 19 Dec 1813: CA/US - Col. Murray takes Fort Niagara.
10	1814	1814: France - Napoleon abdicates, exiled to Isle of Elba 1814: UK - George Stephenson designs a steam locomotive. 1814: UK - Joseph Nicéphore Niépce was the first person to take a photograph. 1814: Germany - Joseph von Fraunhofer invents the spectrocope for the chemical analysis of glowing objects. 1814: UK - The first plastic surgery is performed 1814: NL - Op 23 mei geven de Fransen hun laatste steunpunt, Delfzijl, op. 6 May 1814: CA/US - The British, under Henry Drummond, burn Fort Oswego, on Lake Ontario. 5 Jul 1814: CA/US - The Battle of Chippawa was a victory for the American army in the War of 1812, during an invasion of Upper Canada along the Niagara River. It was the first victory for American soldiers against an equal British force in the field. 25 Jul 1814: CA/US - The United States lose about 1,000 of 3,000 at the Battle of Lundy's Lane. Aug 1814: CA - 4,000 of Wellington's veterans have reached Canada. Aug 1814: US/UK - General Ross takes Washington, D.C. Aug 1814: US/UK - At New Orleans, sharp-shooters, behind cotton bales, repulse the British. Aug 1814: US/UK - Envoys consider terms of peace, at Ghent. 1 Aug 1814: US/UK - until Nov.5, The Siege of Fort Erie was one of the last engagements between British and American forces during the Niagara campaign of the War of 1812. The Americans successfully defended Fort Erie against the British Army, but subsequently abandoned it. 11 Aug 1814: US/UK - The Battle of Plattsburgh, also known as the Battle of Lake Champlain, ended the final invasion of the northern states during the War of 1812. Fought shortly before the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, the American victory denied the British leverage to demand exclusive control over the Great Lakes and any territorial gains against the New England states. Contrary to some beliefs, the Battle was decided by the naval engagement. The American victory on the lake forced Prevost to turn his army around 12 Sep 1814: US/UK - An expedition of 11,000 under Governor George Prevost, supplied to winter at Plattsburg, N.Y., seeing its fleet dispersed and the enemy gathering, retreats, abandoning stores. In 1813, Wellington desired that Prevost should not abandon his policy of defence for petty advantages, to be gained by invasion, which he could not possibly maintain. Oct 1814: US - Martin Chittenden, Governor of Vermont, regards the war "as unnecessary, unwise and hopeless, in all its offensive operations." 22 Dec 1814: US/UK - Treaty of Commerce, between the U.S. and Great Britain, signed at Ghent. 24 Dec 1814: US/UK - Treaty of Ghent ends the War of 1812. 27 Dec 1814: US/UK - Then Prince Regent George IV ratifies both treaties. One relates to boundaries and the slave trade.
11	1815	1815: Europe - Peace is established in Europe at the Congress of Vienna. 1815: UK - The Corn Laws are passed by Parliament to protect British agriculture from cheap imports 1815: UK - Start of two-year commercial boom in Britain 1815: UK - England has now 2600 miles of canals, 500 in Scotland and Ireland; China clippers take 109 days to sail 15000 miles from Canton to English Channel; Britain's population estimated at 13 million; Britain imports 82 million pounds of raw cotton, by 1860 1000 million pounds; coal output 16 million tons (30 miillion by 1835, 50 million by 1848) 1815: UK - Sir Humphry Davy invents the miner's lamp. 1815: UK - Over the next fifteen years, five new states are founded along Mississippi Valley, mostly due to people fleeing Depression; more go to Canada, as many as 20,000 some years, frequently Scots 1815: NL - Willem I, koning der Nederlanden. 1815: NL - Slag bij Waterloo. Jan 1815: US/UK - Unaware of the Treaty of Ghent, Gen. Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) wins an overwhelming victory at the Battle of New Orleans. 18 Feb 1815: CA/US/UK - The United States ratify Treaties, signed in December, 1814. Mar 1815: Elba, France - Napoleon escapes, leads French in war once more Mar 1815: CA - Parliament votes 25,000 pounds for a canal from Montreal to Lachine. 25 Mar 1815: CA/UK - Governor George Prevost informs Parliament, that then-Prince Regent George IV has ordered him to England, to answer charges of the naval commander. 18 Jun 1815: Belgium - Duke of Wellington trounces the French at Waterloo with timely help of Blucher (Prussia)
12	1816	1816: UK - Violation of game laws can result in seven years transportation 1816: CA - A steam-boat is first placed on Lake Ontario. 1816: NL - NL - Engeland geeft de koloniën terug aan Nederland. 5 Jan 1816: CA/UK - Sir George Prevost dies before consideration of Commodore Yeo's charges; but the Duke of Wellington says: "He must have returned, after the fleet was beaten, I am inclined to think he was right. I have told ministers, repeatedly, that naval superiority, on the Lakes, is a sine qua non of success in war on the frontiers of Canada, even if our object should be wholly defensive." 19 Jun 1816: CA - After several years of harassment by agents of the North West Company, Métis and Indians under Cuthbert Grant kill Robert Semple, governor of the Red River settlement, and twenty others at the Battle of Seven Oaks.
13	1817	1817: UK - Economic slump in Britain leads to the 'Blanketeers' March' and other disturbances 1817: USA - James Monroe president of the USA 1817-1825. 1817: CA - Famine in Newfoundland due to poor postwar economy. 1817: CA - Nova Scotia population estimated at 78,345. 1817: NL - NL - Hongerwinter door mislukte oogst. 18 Feb 1817: CA - Mr. McCord reads a petition for the deepening of the St. Lawrence 18 Apr 1817: CA/US/UK - The Rush-Bagot Agreement limits the number of battleships on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain to a total of eight.
14	1818	1818: UK - Mary Shelley publishes her Frankenstein 1818: India - Britain defeats Maratha, now effective ruler of India 1818: CA - Halifax and St. John's are made free ports. 1818: CA - Dalhousie University is established. 28 Aug 1818: CA - The Governor (Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond) dies of hydrophobia.
15	1819	1819: UK - Troops intervene at a mass political reform meeting in Manchester, killing and wounding four hundred people at the 'Peterloo Massacre' 1819: UK - Singapore founded as free trade port 1819: UK - René Laënnec invents the stethoscope. 1819: UK - Samuel Fahnestock patents a 'soda fountain' 1819: CA - Cape Breton Island is annexed to Nova Scotia.
16	1820	1820: UK - A radical plot to murder the Cabinet, known as the Cato Street Conspiracy, fails 1820: UK - Trial of Queen Caroline, in which George IV attempts to divorce her for adultery 1820: UK - Death of George III, blind and insane 1820: UK - London's population estimated at 1,274,000 1820: UK - Government finances scheme to send out 6,000 settlers to Cape in South Africa 1820: UK - George IV, ruler of England to 1830. House of Hanover: Eldest son of George III, Prince Regent, from Feb 1811. 1820: CA - William Lyon Mackenzie emigrates to Canada. He served as the first mayor of the city of Toronto (1834) and was an important leader during the 1837 Upper Canada Rebellion 18 Jun 1820: CA - The Governor, Earl of Dalhousie, arrives.
17	1821	1821: UK - Jean François Champollion, employing the Rosetta Stone, established the principles for deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics. 1821: UK - Queen Caroline is excluded from the coronation 1821: UK - Start of two years of famine in Ireland 1821: UK - Michael Faraday invents electric motor and generator Jul 1821: CA - The Hudson's Bay Company merges with arch rivals, the Montreal-based North West Company, creating unemployment for a substantial proportion of their Métis workforce. 17 Jul 1821: CA - Construction of the Lachine Canal in Montreal begins.
18	1822	1822: France - First prototype Espresso machine 1822: Ireland - Famine in Ireland prompts migration to US and Canada 1822: CA/UK - Louis-Joseph Papineau, a member of the legislative assembly since 1814, travels from Montreal to England to oppose an Act of Union identifying the French Canadians as a minority without language rights. The act is not passed in the British Parliament.
19	1823	1823: UK - The Royal Academy of Music is established in London. 1823: UK - The British Museum is extended and extensively rebuilt to house an expanding collection 1823: UK - Mackintosh (raincoat) invented by Charles Mackintosh of Scotland. 1823: Shanawdithit, the last known Beothuk is found 1823: CA - Ward Chipman replaces George Stracey Smyth as Governor of New Brunswick 1823: CA - Peter Robinson organizes land settlements of Irish Catholics to Carelton and Lanark County, Ontario. 10 May 1823: CA/UK - Louis-Joseph Papineau and John Neilson are in London to present a petition of 60,000 signatures against favouring Union of the colonies
20	1824	1824: UK - The National Gallery is established 1824: UK - Commercial boom in Britain 1824: UK - Professor Michael Faraday invents the first toy balloon. 1824: UK - Englishman Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement, the modern building material. 1824: CA - The first Welland Canal is begun, partly in response to American initiatives in the Erie Canal. 1824: CA - William Lyon Mackenzie establishes the Colonial Advocate. 1824: CA - First Lachine Canal near Montreal is completed.
21	1825	1825: UK - Nash reconstructs Buckingham Palace. 1825: UK - Trade Unions are legalized. 1825: UK - Commercial depression in Britain 1825: UK - The world's first railway service, the Stockton and Darlington Railway opens 1825: USA - John Quincy Adams president of the USA 1825-1829. 1825: UK - William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet. 1825: Settlement of Canada, Australia and New Zealand begins in earnest over the next 25 years 1825: CA - The Peter Robinson settlement brings 2,000 poor Irish families to Scott's Plains (now Peterborough, Ontario). 1825: NL - De Java oorlog. Nederland begint een offensief tegen de Javaanse Vorsten. 2 Jan 1825: CA - The Parliament House, at Toronto, is burned. 7 Sep 1825: CA - Soldiers of the 70th Regiment subdue a fire, which consumes over eighty buildings, in Montreal. 26 Oct 1825: CA/US - US finishes ambitious Erie Canal from Buffalo to Hudson River and New York City. It puts competitive pressure on Montreal and Toronto merchant elites to finish canals.
22	1826	1826: France - One of the first print references to fondue written by Jean-Anthelme Brillat-Savarin in his Physiologie du Gout 1826: France - Physicist Joseph Niepce makes the first known photograph, View from a Window at Gras, via a heliograph process on a metal plate. 1826: NL - Malaria maakt onder de 193.333 tellende Friesche bevolking méér dan 4.000 dodelijke slachtoffers. 8 Jun 1826: CA - A mob of the ruling party, the Family Compact, destroy the Colonial Advocate's press at York. William Lyon Mackenzie, publisher, prosecutes and is awarded ₤625 in damages. 21 Sep 1826: CA - Construction of the Rideau Canal begins.
23	1827	1827: UK - Printing press can now print 4-5000 copies/hour, 11.5 million copies of newspapers pour over Britain 1827: UK - Charles Wheatstone invents the microphone. 1827: UK - John Walker invents modern matches. 1827: CA - First temperance society in Canada formed in Montreal 1827: CA - Elections overwhelmingly in favour of the Parti Patriote much to the annoyance of the British. 1827: CA - 87,000 people in Lower Canada sign a petition denouncing the political abuses of the Château Clique. A group of wealthy families, mostly British merchants, in Lower Canada in the early 19th century. 15 Mar 1827: CA - The University of Toronto is chartered
24	1828	1828: UK - The Duke of Wellington becomes British Prime Minister 1828: CA - William Lyon Mackenzie elected to the Assembly with the first Reform majority. 1828: CA - Settlement begins in Stratford, Ontario
25	1829	1829: UK - Parliament passes the Catholic Relief Act, ending most restrictions on Catholic Civil Rights. They are allowed to own property and run for public office, including parliament 1829: UK - Sir Robert Peel founds the Metropolitan Police Force, constables become known as bobbies 1829: USA - Andrew Jackson president of the USA to 1837. 1829: USA - William Austin Burt patents a typographer, a predecessor to the typewriter. 1829: France - Louis Braille invents braille printing. 1829: NL - Verboden in de kerken te begraven. 4 Jan 1829: CA - Sir John Colborne, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada founds Upper Canada College, as a feeder school to the newly formed University of Toronto and a home for the colony's upper class. 30 Nov 1829: CA - construction of the first Welland Canal is completed.
26	1830	1830: UK - Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. 1830: UK - First major cholera epidemic in Britain starts and lasts two years. 1830: Australia - Free migrants to Australia = 1500, by 1841 = 32,000 1830: UK - Starving field labourers in southern counties riot for higher wages, 19 hanged, 481 deported to Australia 1830: France - B. Thimonnier invents a sewing machine. 1830: UK - William IV, ruler of England to 1837. House of Hanover: 3rd son of George III, married Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. 1830: UK - Royal Commission finds that mail coach average speed is 9 miles per hour 1830: CA - Influenza epidemic strikes tribes of British Columbia. In 1830-33 there are multiple outbreaks of European diseases in California and Oregon. 1830: CA - Canada is divided into counties. 26 Jun 1830: UK - Death of George IV
27	1831	1831: UK - Michael Faraday, in the first in a series of Experimental Researches in Electricity, discovered the means of producing electricity from magnetism, i.e., electromagnetic induction, the generation of an electric field by a changing magnetic field. This is the principle of the dynamo 1831: UK - Swing Riots' in rural areas against the mechanization of agricultural activities. 1831: UK - The new London Bridge is opened over the River Thames 1831: UK - Population of England and Wales now 14 million 1831: UK - American, Cyrus H. McCormick invents the first commercially successful reaper. 1831: CA - A charter for a railway, from La Prairie, Quebec to St. John's, is granted; it will be the first railway in Canada. 1831: CA - Male Jews were extended full political and religious rights.
28	1832	1832: UK - The first or Great Reform Act is passed. This climax of a period of political reform extends the vote to a further 500,000 people and redistributes Parliamentary seats on a more equitable basis 1832: UK - Cholera Act 1832: UK - House-breaking, sheep-stealing and forgery removed from list of capital crimes in England 1832: UK - Commission created to look into inhumanity of transporting prisoners to Australia, another in 1837, transportation to New South Wales finally stops in 1840 1832: USA - Texas Revolutionary War: Texas vs Mexico 1832-1836. 1832: UK - Age of Coal and Iron or The Railway Age, dooms canals and stage coaches during period to 1867. Leaders are mostly Quakers of Midlands and North: Peases, Croppers, Sturges 1832: CA - Attempted assassination of William Lyon Mackenzie at Hamilton. 1832: CA - 7 800 French-Canadians are killed by the cholera epidemic - 3,800 in Quebec and 4,000 in Montreal. Meetings of French Canadians attribute the cholera to British immigrants, 52,000 having arrived in that same year. 1832: CA - The City of Montreal is incorporated. Up to this point an exit port of Quebec, it becomes a port of entry. 1832: CA - The Rideau Canal is opened after six years of construction. 30 Mar 1832: CA - Bank of Nova Scotia is founded 21 May 1832: CA - Election riots at Montreal. Three supporters of Daniel Tracey of the Parti Patriote are shot dead by government troops. Colonel MacIntosh and Captain Temple are arrested for ordering the shooting. The next day, it is announced that Tracey is elected to the Legislative Assembly for Montreal West. Jun 1832: CA - The immigrant ship The Carrick arrives in Quebec filled with Irish immigrants. A few of these immigrants are ill with cholera, which becomes an epidemic in Lower Canada. 20 Jun 1832: CA - Eighty-eight deaths from Asiatic cholera are reported at Montreal.
29	1833	1833: UK - Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Empire. 1833: UK - Parliament passes the Factory Act, prohibiting children aged less than nine from working in factories, and reducing the working hours of women and older children 1833: UK - Start of the Oxford Movement in the Anglican Church 1833: CA - Royal William, formerly operating between Quebec and Halifax, becomes first steamship to cross Atlantic. 30 Aug 1833: UK - The United Kingdom abolishes slavery in the British West Indies. 19 Sep 1833: CA - Military riot at Montreal.
30	1834	1834: UK - Charles Babbage designed a programmable mechanical calculating machine, or 'analytical engine,' that could carry out arithmetic operations specified on punch cards and choose the sequence of operations. Although the design was never built, Augusta Ada Byron wrote programs to demonstrate its potential power. 1834: UK - Robert Owen founds the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union. The government acts against 'illegal oaths' in such unionism, resulting in the Tolpuddle Martyrs being transported to Australia 1834: London, UK - Fire destroys the Palace of Westminster 1834: UK - New Poor Law Act, object to make life in the workhouse far worse than in fields and factories 1834: USA - Jacob Perkins invents an early refrigerator (really an ether ice machine). 1834: USA - Henry Blair patents a corn planter, he is the second black person to receive a U.S. patent. 23 Jan 1834: CA - The Castle of St. Louis (Quebec) is burned. 6 Mar 1834: CA - Incorporation of Toronto, heretofore York, Upper Canada. 31 Jul 1834: CA/UK - At midnight July 31, slavery comes to an end in all British territories, including British North America. To honour this important event, August 1 is celebrated as Emancipation Day in Windsor, Ontario, and elsewhere.
31	1835	1835: UK - Parliament passes the Municipal Reform Act, requiring members of town councils to be elected by ratepayers and councils to publish their financial accounts 1835: UK - Commercial boom. 'Little' railway mania across Britain starts and continues into 1836 1835: UK - Englishman Francis Pettit Smith invents the propeller. 1835: UK - Solymon Merrick patents the wrench. 1835: UK - Charles Babbage invents a mechanical calculator. 1835: CA - Joseph Howe, a Halifax printer and owner since 1828 of the weekly Novascotian, is arrested for libel but successfully argues his own case for freedom of the press. A local hero, he begins advocating the kind of responsible government that is only established in 1848. 1835: NL - Eerste spoorlijn Haarlem - Amsterdam. 1 Jun 1835: CA - Official opening of the Kingston Penitentiary.
32	1836	1836: UK - William Lovett founds London Working Men's Association, beginning of Chartism 1836: USA - Samuel Colt invented the first revolver. 1836: South Africa - Boers leave British South Africa in search of independence on Great Trek (to 1840) 1836: CA - Opening of Canada's first railway line, from St. Johns, Quebec, to La Prairie, Quebec.
33	1837	1837: UK - Charles Dickens publishes Oliver Twist, drawing attention to Britain's poor. 1837: UK - Death of William IV 1837: USA - Martin van Buren president of the USA 1837-1841. 1837: UK - English schoolmaster Rowland Hill invents the postage stamp. 1837: UK - Victoria I, ruler of England to 1901. House of Hanover: Daughter of Edward, 4th son of George III 1837: CA - Population of Upper Canada is 397,489. 1837: CA - British attempts to unite the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada lead to revolt. Two separate rebellions, one in Upper and one in Lower Canada, fail to dislodge entrenched elites. 1837: CA - Black militia units participate in putting down the rebellion in Upper Canada. 1837: CA - British parliament passes Coercion Bill, seizes Lower Canada treasury. 1837: CA - Unlike Upper and Lower Canada, other Canadian territories move toward responsible government without rebellion. New Brunswick accepts the British offer to allow their assembly more revenue control over salaries of public servants and judges. Nova Scotia agrees to the same conditions in 1839. Jul 1837: UK - Births, deaths and marriages must be registered by law
34	1838	1838: UK - The Anti-Corn Law League is established. Publication of the People's Charter. The start of Chartism 1838: CA/US - Conflict over the New Brunswick-Maine border begins in the Aroostook River area. 1838: CA - The Customs House, at Montreal, is finished. 1838: CA - The population of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island is 1,282,000. 1838: US - The governors of New York and Vermont forbid interference with Canadian difficulties. 27 May 1838: CA - As governor general and high commissioner of British North America, Lord Durham arrives to investigate the circumstances behind the Rebellions of 1837. 3 Nov 1838: CA - Second uprising in Lower Canada. Battle of the Windmill at Prescott, Upper Canada. 10 Nov 1838: CA - The rebels gain a victory at Beauharnois.
35	1839	1839: USA - First use of OK in print (in Boston Morning Post) 1839: UK - William Henry Fox-Talbot produces photographs from negatives 1839: France - Louis Daguerre and J.N. Niepce co-invent Daguerreotype photography. 1839: UK - Kirkpatrick Macmillan invents a bicycle. 1839: USA - Charles Goodyear invents rubber vulcanization. 1839: UK - Welshman Sir William Robert Grove conceives of the first hydrogen fuel cell. 1839: USA - Thaddeus Fairbanks invents platform scales. 1839: UK - First railway timetable published by Quaker Bradshaw 1839: China - The Opium Wars until 1842, Britain forces China to take European goods 1839: CA - Mount Allison University founded by Charles Frederick Allison in Sackville, New Brunswick. 1839: CA - First Horse Railway in Upper Canada. 1839: NL - Nederland erkent de onafhankelijkheid van België. 1839: NL - Fotografie wordt uitgevonden. 26 Sep 1839: CA - Canadian rebels (that were not executed) are transported to New South Wales.
36	1840	1840: UK - Victoria I marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. 1840: UK - There are reckoned to be 107 accountants in London 1840: New Zealand - New Zealand annexed 1840: UK - Englishman John Herschel invents the blueprint. 1840: Australia - During period to 1853 convicts are still sent to Tasmania at the rate of about 4,000 per year 1840: UK - Queen Victoria begins dressing the princes in kilts and sailor suits. 1840: NL - Willem I doet afstand van de regering. Willem II wordt koning der Nederlanden. 6 May 1840: CA - Postage stamps come into use. 23 Jul 1840: CA - Act of Union. The Queen sanctions the union of Upper and Lower Canada. The United Canada Act allows larger government to borrow more money.
37	1841	1841: UK - The first British Census recording the names of the populace is undertaken. 1841: UK - The Tories come to power. Sir Robert Peel becomes Prime Minister 1841: USA - William Henry Harrison president of the USA. He succumbed to pneumonia in 1841. 1841: USA - John Tyler president of the USA to 1845. He is the first vice president to succeed to the presidency due to death of a president. 1841: UK - Samuel Slocum patents the stapler. 1841: CA - The Dawn Settlement in what is now Dresden, Ontario, is established to provide self-help for Blacks in agricultural communities. 1841: NL - Clemens en August Brenninkmeijer openen hun eerste winkel op de Oosterdijk in Sneek. 13 Jun 1841: CA - First Parliament of Canada meets at Kingston.
38	1842	1842: UK - First Christmas card 1842: UK - First UK public telegraph lines, from Paddington to Slough and Gosport to London 1842: UK - Lord Shaftesbury's Mines Act forbids underground work for women and children under 10 1842: China - Hong Kong annexed 1842: UK - Joseph Dart builds the first grain elevator. 1842: CA - The first Railway in Nova Scotia is begun. 9 Aug 1842: CA/US - The Webster-Ashburton Treaty ends the Aroostook War, settling once and for all the Maine-New Brunswick border dispute. 16 Oct 1842: CA - Queen's University is founded
39	1843	1843: UK - Alexander Bain (1818-1903) invented an early fax machine 1843: UK - About 2000 miles of railway lines now laid 1843: CA - Fort Victoria built by British to strengthen their claim to Vancouver Island. 1843: CA - The Cornwall and Chambly Canals are opened. 1843: CA/US - Survey of Boundary between the U.S. and Canada is begun. 9 Dec 1843: CA - Bishop's University is founded
40	1844	1844: UK - Charles Darwin wrote, but didn't publish, an essay presaging the theory of the origin of species. 1844: USA - Samuel Finley Breese Morse demonstrates a telegraph, using a code of his own invention 1844: UK - Parliament passes the Bank Charter Act 1844: Yorkshire, UK - Foundation of the Rochdale Co-Operative Society - Chartist and Owenite workers of Rochdale open Rochdale Pioneers Store (cooperative) in Toad (T'owd) Lane 1844: UK - Royal Commission on the Health of Towns 1844: UK - Two years of railway mania begins across Britain. Massive investment and speculation leads to the laying of 5,000 miles of track 1844: UK - Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children founded 1844: UK - Englishman John Mercer invents mercerized cotton. 1844: UK - Ten Hours Bill limited working hours for women and youths in textile business to 10 hours/day, passes thanks to Lord Shaftesbury's efforts during period to 1847 1844: NL - Zeer strenge winter en de 2 jaren daarop mislukken de aardappeloogsten. De bevolking lijdt honger. 5 Mar 1844: CA - The Toronto Globe is founded by George Brown 10 May 1844: CA - Government moves from Kingston to Montreal.
41	1845	1845: Ireland - Irish Potato Famine kills more than a million people in two years 1845: UK - Frederick Engels publishes The Condition of the Working Class in England 1845: UK - There are reckoned to be 210 accountants in London 1845: UK - General Enclosure Act, further enclosure prohibited 1845: USA - James Polk president of the USA to 1849. 1845: USA - American Elias Howe invents a sewing machine. 1845: UK - Robert William Thomson patents the first vulcanised rubber pneumatic tyre. 1845: India - Conquest of Punjab and Kashmir (to 1849) 1845: CA - Halifax native Samuel Cunard chooses Boston as the western terminus for his steamships. 1845: CA - Lord Cathcart, the new governor, arrives.
42	1846	1846: UK - Repeal of the Corn Laws, Britain moves towards complete free trade 1846: UK - Electric Telegraph Company formed, 17 offices by 1854 1846: USA - Mexican-American War 1846-1848. 1846: USA - Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentist, is the first to use anesthesia for tooth extraction. 1846: CA/UK - The Irish potato famine begins, marking a change in the composition of Irish immigrating to Canada from mostly rich, well-connected, respectable Protestants to vastly poor, ill-equipped, poorly-treated Catholics. 1846: CA - Mines north of Lake Superior are explored. 1846: CA - The new canal, from Lachine, overcomes a fall of 42 ft., in 8 1/2 miles, by two locks of 13 ft. and two of 8 ft. Equal fall of the whole river would wield 4,500,000 horse power. 1846: NL - Voedselschaarste in Drenthe 1846: NL - Emigratie naar Michigan (USA) uit Drenthe komt op gang. Eerste 56 Drenthen vertrekken. 16 May 1846: CA/UK - Under the leadership of British Prime Minister Robert Peel, the British Parliament repeals the Corn Laws, replacing the old Colonial mercantile trade system with Free Trade. 9 Jun 1846: CA - Burning of St. John's, Newfoundland. 12 Jun 1846: CA- Theatre burned at Quebec. 15 Jun 1846: CA/US/UK - Britain and United States settle the long-disputed boundary across the Columbia District or Oregon Country from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, by drawing the boundary across the mountains along the 49th Parallel to the Strait of Georgia, and leaving the Colony of Vancouver Island, established in 1843, intact.
43	1847	1847: UK - Flourens discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform 1847: USA - Levi Strauss invents denim jeans 1847: UK - Hungarian Ignaz Semmelweis invents antisceptics. 1847: CA - St. Lawrence canal system completed. Faster and cheaper than US system, but growing US railroads are now the real threat. 1847: CA - Typhus outbreak as over 3,000 immigrants arrive in Bytown (Ottawa) in the height of summer. The Rideau Canal is shutdown to prevent further spread of the outbreak. 167 die in quarantine. 1847: CA/US - Outbreak of measles among the Cayuse of the Pacific Northwest. 1847: NL - Een duur jaar, een 6 ponds roggebrood kost 67,5 cent. 30 Jan 1847: CA - Lord Elgin, Governor, arrives at Montreal. 1 Sep 1847: CA - Lord Elgin visits the immigrant 'fever' sheds at Pointe St. Charles, Montreal. 18 Oct 1847: CA - Telegraph Line from Quebec to London, Canada West, complete. 23 Oct 1847: CA - 65 immigrants die in a week at Pointe St. Charles neighbourhood of Montreal. 1 Nov 1847: CA - 9,634 deaths of immigrants since 1st Jan 19 Nov 1847: CA - The railway from Montreal to Lachine is opened.
44	1848	1848: UK - Major Chartist demonstration in London. 1848: UK - Parliament passes the Public Health Act 1848: UK - Karl Marx publishes The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital 1848: UK - 5000 miles of railway tracks now laid, 2000 of which were equipped with telegraph wires; Britain now produces about half of world's pig iron, trebles output within 30 years 1848: UK - Queen's College for Women founded 1848: CA - First telegraph lines in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. 1848: NL - Grondwetsherziening door Thorbecke. 1848: NL - Aanleg van de weg Assen-Bareveld voltooid. 2 Jan 1848: CA - Maple sugar is made in St. Anselme. 20 Sep 1848: CA - Opening of the Jesuits' College, Montreal.
45	1849	1849: USA - Zachary Taylor president of the USA 1849-1850. Zachary Taylor died while in office. 1849: UK - Walter Hunt invents the safety pin. 1849: CA - The Beauharnois Canal, just southwest of Montreal is opened. 1849: CA/US - The boundary at the 49th parallel is extended to the Pacific Ocean (bisecting Point Roberts, Washington). 1849: CA - The Courthouse Rebellion is launched by the Red River Métis. 1849: NL - Koning Willem II overlijdt aan een hartinfarct. Op 12 mei wordt koning Willem III ingehuldigd. 1849: NL - De Denen blokkeren de Pruisische havens. Op de rede van Delfzijl liggen in een maand 173 vreemde schepen. 1 Jan 1849: CA - King's College becomes the University of Toronto 7 Apr 1849: CA - A large fire engulfs Toronto's downtown section. Started at 1 a.m. of an unknown cause, it started behind a tavern in the market section catching some hay then spread rapidly before destroying numerous buildings, including St. James cathedral. Flames could be seen from across Lake Ontario at St. Catharines, 40 km distant. May 1849: CA - The Hayes House in Dalhousie Square, leased for Parliamentary purposes. The parliament is to sit alternately in Quebec City and Toronto.
46	1850	1850: USA - American Joel Houghton invented the first dishwasher. He made it out of wood, and gave it a hand-turned wheel that splashed water on the dishes inside. It didn't really work, but it did get the first 'dishwasher' patent 1850: UK - First machine-made paper bag 1850: UK - Mines Inspectorate created, helps protect adult male mine workers 1850: USA - Millard Fillmore president of the USA 1850-1853. Vice president under Zachary Taylor, he was sworn in as president after Taylor's death. 1850: US - In the United States, the Fugitive Slave Act is passed. It provides that even free persons can be made a slave if suspected of being a runaway. As a result, more fugitive slaves and free Black persons come to Canada. 1850: CA - The site of John By's headquarters during the construction of the Rideau Canal is incorporated as Bytown (now Ottawa). 1850: CA - Gold discovered in British Columbia, and coal on Vancouver Island. 1850: CA - The Canadian government passes the Railway Guarantee Act. 1850: NL - Ridderschap in Drenthe afgeschaft. 1850: NL - Drenthe telt 82 kilometer verharde weg: het grootste deel langs de Drentsche Hoofdvaart. 11 Oct 1850: CA - The St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad opens
47	1851	1851: UK - The Great Exhibition is staged in Hyde Park. Thanks to Prince Albert, it is a great success 1851: UK - Window tax abolished 1851: USA - Patent for sewing machine issued to Isaac Singer 1851: UK - British Census shows 10,736,000 females, 8,155,000 of whom were aged 10 and older, largest occupational group domestic service workers, 905,000, 145,000 washerwomen, 55,000 charwomen (cleaners), 272,000 in cotton industry, 113,000 in woolen industry, 140,000 in lace, hosiery and linen 1851: Europe - First submarine cable, Dover to Calais 1851: London, UK - Reuters opens news agency 1851: Africa - Livingstone's explorations begin 1851: Australia - Population of Australia rises from 405,000 in 1851 to 1,168,000 in 1861 1851: CA - The United Kingdom transfers control of the colonial postal system to Canada. 1851: NL - Het katholieke kerkhof te Oude Pekela aangelegd. 25 Apr 1851: CA - Prince Edward Island wins responsible government 30 Aug 1851: CA - The Vancouver Island legislature meets for the first time Sep 1851: Melbourne, Australia - Gold fever - 19,000 immigrants land in one month, for the whole year 94,664, seven times as many as 1851 11 Oct 1851: CA - The St. L. & A. Railway is opened to Richmond.
48	1852	1852: UK - Death of the Duke of Wellington 1852: UK - Derby's first minority Conservative government 1852: UK - Aberdeen's coalition government is established 1852: NL - De postzegels worden ingevoerd. 15 Jan 1852: CA - Trinity College opens 8 Jul 1852: CA - Beginning of a fire which burns 11,000 houses in Montreal. Oct 1852: CA - he Bank of Montreal issues notes like the Bank of England's; denomination water-marked. 25 Oct 1852: CA - The Toronto Stock Exchange opens 8 Dec 1852: CA - Laval's Seminaire du Quebec founds Université Laval, North America's oldest French Language university.
49	1853	1853: UK - Potato crisps invented by a cook named George Crum. 1853: Crimea - Florence Nightingale first recommended the regimen of cleanliness which dramatically reduced the death rate in hospitals 1853: UK - Vaccination against smallpox is made compulsory 1853: UK - Queen Victoria uses chloroform during birth of Prince Leopold 1853: UK - William Gladstone presents his first budget 1853: UK - Franklin Pierce president of the USA 1853-1857. 1853: The Grand Trunk Railway is Chartered. It was a railway system which operated in Quebec and Ontario, as well as Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont. The railway was operated from headquarters in Montreal, Quebec. The Grand Trunk and its subsidiaries, along with the Canadian Government Railways, was a primary precursor of today's Canadian National Railways. The GTR had three important subsidiaries during its lifetime: Central Vermont Railway which operated in Quebec, Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut. Grand Trunk Pacific Railway which operated in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. Grand Trunk Western Railroad which operated in Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois. 1853: CA - Mary Ann Shadd becomes the first woman in North America to become editor of a newspaper. Working out of Chatham, Ontario, she publishes, edits and writes in the Provincial Freeman, a newspaper serving the Black community in Ontario. 23 Feb 1853: CA - A description of the proposed bridge across the St. Lawrence is published 6 Jun 1853: CA - Gavazzi Riot in Quebec are quelled by military.
50	1854	1854: UK - The Northcote-Trevelyan civil service report is published 1854: UK - John Tyndall demonstrates the principles of fiber optics. 1854: UK - Crimean War begins, as Britain and France attempt to defend European interests in the Middle East against Russia 1854: CA - Establishment of the African Baptist Association of Nova Scotia 1854: NL - Lijfstraffen geschrapt uit het strafrecht. De doodstraf wordt beperkt tot ophanging boven een luik. 1854: NL - Het KNMI wordt bij koninklijk besluit van Koning Willem III opgericht. 27 Jan 1854: CA - The Great Western Railway opens, linking Toronto, Hamilton and Windsor. 27 Oct 1854: CA - A Great Western Railway passenger train collides with the tail end of gravel train at Baptiste Creek, Canada West. At least 52 people are killed.
51	1855	1855: UK - John Snow, investigating London's piped water supply, showed graphically that cholera could be transmitted by water from a particular pump. 1855: UK - Palmerston's first government comes to power 1 Jan 1855: CA - own is renamed Ottawa. 8 Mar 1855: CA/US - A bridge over the Niagara River near Niagara Falls is completed 17 Apr 1855: CA - Charlottetown incorporated as a city
52	1856	1856: Crimea - Crimean War comes to an end. 1856: UK - The Victoria Cross is instituted for military bravery 1856: UK - Every county and borough required to employ police force 1856: UK - Marriage and Divorce Act permits any man to divorce his wife on grounds of adultery, permits woman same but has to also show cruelty or desertion; beforehand, a special Act of Parliament was required for divorce 1856: UK - Britons panicked by false rumours of Napoleon III's designs on Britain 1856: UK - John Stuart Mill publishes Liberty 1856: Great novels: Dickens, Dumas, Flaubert, Turgenev, Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy 1856: France - Louis Pasteur invents pasteurisation. 1856: New Zealand - Population of New Zealand rises from less than 60,000 to 350,000 in the period to 1878 1856: CA - The Grand Trunk Railway opens its Sarnia-Toronto-Montreal line. 1856: NL - De treinramp van 1856 was de eerste waarbij dodelijke slachtoffers vielen onder reizigers.
53	1857	1857: Atlantic - Cyrus Field made his first attempt at laying a trans-Atlantic telegraph cable. In 1866, his fourth attempt was successful. 1857: China - The Second Opium War opens China to European trade. 1857: India - The Indian Mutiny erupts against British Rule on the sub-continent 1857: USA - James Buchanan president of the USA 1857-1861. 1857: USA - George Pullman invents the Pullman Sleeping Car for train travel. 1857: CA - Grand Trunk Railway (Windsor-Montreal) completed, but $7 million in debt. 1857: CA/UK - Queen Victoria names Ottawa as capital of the Province of Canada. 1857: CA - The Palliser Expedition begins its exploration of Western Canada. 1857: CA - Coal mining begins at Coal Harbor on the Kenai Peninsula. 12 Mar 1857: CA - The bridge over Desjardins Canal, near Hamilton, Canada West, collapses under a Great Western Railway passenger train. About 60 people die. 31 Dec 1857: CA - Ottawa is chosen as the new capital of the Canadas
54	1858	1858: UK - Derby establishes his second minority government 1858: UK - Parliament passes the India Act 1858: UK - Eraser fitted to end of pencil 1858: UK - Jean Lenoir invents an internal combustion engine. 1858: UK - Hamilton Smith patents the rotary washing machine. 1858: CA - The Canadian government imposes revenue tariffs on US manufactured goods to pay for railroad debts. 1858: CA - The Halifax-Truro line begins rail service. 1858: CA - The Fraser Canyon Gold Rush starts, leading to the creation of the Colony of British Columbia on the Mainland and igniting the Fraser Canyon War. 1858: CA - The Toronto Islands are created after a fierce storm detaches the island from the mainland at the Eastern gap. 1858: CA - The British Columbia Provincial Police are established. 1858: NL - De aardappel wordt algemeen geaccepteerd als voedingsmiddel.
55	1859	1859: UK - Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life asserts that all life had a common ancestor and that the origin of species was natural selection 1859: UK - Palmerston brings his second Liberal government to power. 1859: UK - Samuel Smiles' Self-Help published 1859: CA - Abraham Shadd is elected to the town council in Raleigh, Ontario and becomes the first Black elected to public office. 1859: CA - William Hall, born in Hants County, Nova Scotia, becomes the first Nova Scotian and the first Black to win the Victoria Cross for Bravery in the war. The Victoria Cross is the highest military honour in the Commonwealth of Nations. 1859: US - De Stoeckl returns to U.S. from St. Petersburg with authority to negotiate the sale of Alaska. 1859: CA - McGowan's War, a juridicial and political crisis in the Fraser River goldfieldsinvolving a spillover of San Francisco politics into British territory, has the potential to escalate into an annexationist uprising but is settled peaceably. Marines and Royal Engineers are dispatched to Yale, led by Colonel Clement Francis Moody and escorting Justice Matthew Baillie Begbie to resolve the matter, which ends amicably, and reassert British sovereignty over the fledgling Mainland Colony. 1859: CA - Lyman Cutler, an American settler, homesteads on San Juan Island in defiance of British claims and triggers off the Pig War. 1859: NL - De eerste (verharde) grindweg wordt aangelegd van Klinkmolenbrug, via Noordbarge tot Emmen en via Odoorn naar Gieten. M.Middelveldt wordt nu genoemd als loper voor de posterijen van Borger naar Emmen en terug.
56	1860	1860: UK - Joseph Wilson Swan invented the light bulb, an incandescent lamp using a carbon filament. 1860: UK - Gladstone's budget and the Anglo-French Cobden Treaty codifies and extends the principles of free trade 1860: NL - Officiële afschaffing van de slavernij in Nederlandsch-Indië. 1860: NL - Hiddingh koopt het hele Compascuum inclusief de kosten voor fl 89.252,-- 27 Jun 1860: CA - The first Queen's Plate race is held in Toronto 25 Aug 1860: CA - Montreal's Victoria Bridge opens 1 Sep 1860: CA - The construction of the Canadian House of Commons began. The cornerstone of the Parliament buildings is laid this day.
57	1861	1861: UK - Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis published his deduction that childbirth fever was transmitted on the hands of doctors during their examinations 1861: UK - Death of Prince Albert, Prince Consort 1861: Australia - Women first given vote 1861: USA - Abraham Lincoln president of the USA 1861-1865. 1861: USA - Elisha Otis patents elevator safety brakes, creating a safer elevator. 1861: USA - Linus Yale invents the Yale lock or cylinder lock. 1861: USA - American Civil War (to 1865) 1861: CA -Viscount Monck becomes Governor-General. 1861: CA - Joseph Howe became Premier of Nova Scotia 1861: CA - Dr. Anderson Ruffin Abbott becomes the first Canadian Born Black to graduate from medical school. 1861: CA - The Cariboo Gold Rush starts in British Columbia. 14 Apr 1861: CA - A major flood hits Montreal 15 Apr 1861: CA - Nova Scotia: resolution for provincial union by Joseph Howe for referral to the other British North American provinces in July.
58	1862	1862: France - Louis Pasteur published the germ theory: infection is caused by self-replicating microorganisms, and that attenuated viral cultures granted immunity. These beneficent antigens he named vaccines in honor of Edward Jenner and his vaccinia virus 1862: UK - Parliament passes the Limited Liability Act in order to provide vital stimulus to accumulation of capital in shares 1862: UK - Alexander Parkes invents the first man-made plastic, Parkesine. 1862: UK - Dr. Richard Gatling patents the machine gun. 1862: CA - The first female student is accepted into Mount Allison University in Sackville, New Brunswick 1862: CA/US - Smallpox sweeps through Fort Victoria area and down the length of the northwest coast, killing an estimated 200,000 Indian people - William Duncan, an Anglican missionary on the northwest coast, establishes the village of Metlakatla with 50 Tsimshian followers, who adopt the Christian faith and a European lifestyle. By 1880, more than 1,000 converts live there. 7 Apr 1862: US/UK - United Kingdom-United States treaty for suppression of African slave trade is signed 20 May 1862: CA - Macdonald-Cartier government falls. Free interprovincial trade granted by the Crown
59	1863	1863: UK - Edward, Prince of Wales, marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark. 1863: UK - The Salvation Army is founded 1863: UK - First underground railway opens in London 1863: NL - De slavernij wordt in Suriname afgeschaft. 7 Dec 1863: US/UK - The British fourth-rate warship HMS Leopard attacked and boarded the American frigate USS Chesapeake.
60	1864	1864: UK - Chimney-sweeper's Act, due in part to Charles Kinglsey's Water Babies 1864: UK - Great Battle of Berkhamstead Common saves common land, Epping Forest also saved 1864: UK - Reform Bill, working men given franchise 1864: Canada - First independent dominion in the British Empire under the Dominion of Canada Act 1864: UK - Judge declares trades unions illegal 29 Jun 1864: CA - An train of newly arrived immigrants fails to stop at the open swing span near Beloeil, Canada East. The Grand Trunk Railway train runs into the Richelieu River, killing 99. 18 Jul 1864: US - North-South negotiations begin at Niagara Falls, New York 1 Sep 1864: CA - Charlottetown Conference, noted as the first step towards Canadian Confederation 19 Oct 1864: CA/US - The St. Albans Raid was the northernmost land action of the American Civil War, taking place in St. Albans, Vermont on October 19, 1864. In this unusual incident, Bennett H. Young led Confederate States Army forces. Young had become a prisoner of war after the Battle of Salineville in Ohio ended Morgan's Raid the year before; he later escaped to Canada (then the Province of Canada, part of the British Empire) and returned to the South, where he proposed raids on the Union from the Canadian border to build the Confederate treasury and force the Union Army to protect the northern border and diverting troops from the South. Young was commissioned as a lieutenant and returned to Canada, where he recruited other escaped rebels to participate in a raid St. Albans, Vermont, a quiet town 15 miles (25 km) from the Canadian border.
61	1865	1865: Finland - Nokia corporation established as a forest industry enterprise by mining engineer Fredrik Idestam 1865: UK - Lister, using carbolic acid as antiseptic and sterilizing his instrument, proved the efficacy of antiseptic surgery 1865: UK - Death of Palmerston. Russell establishes his second Liberal government 1865: UK - Lewis Carroll publishes Alice's Adventure in Wonderland 1865: UK - Andrew Johnson president of the USA 1865-1869. Vice president under Abraham Lincoln, he was sworn in as president upon Lincoln's death. 1865: NL - Stoomvaartdienst Delfzijl-London. 14 Apr 1865: USA - Abraham Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth and dies the next day. 20 Oct 1865: CA - Proclamation of Ottawa as seat of government. 16 Dec 1865: CA - A distinctive Blue Ensign for the province of Canada is authorized by the UK secretary of state for the colonies.
62	1866	1866: UK - Gregor Mendel, in Versuche über Pflantenhybriden, interpreted heredity in terms of a pairing of dominant and/or recessive unit characters; that is, ones that could in practice be treated as indivisible and independent particles 1866: UK - Alfred Nobel patented dynamite 1866: UK - Russell and Gladstone fail to have their moderate Reform Bill passed in parliament. Derby takes power in his third minority Conservative government 1866: UK - Englishman Robert Whitehead invents a torpedo. 1866: UK - J. Osterhoudt patents the tin can with a key opener. 1866: CA/US - North wins Civil War with large manufacturing growth, large army and anger at British for supporting South. Threats in US Congress to annex Canada. RR's and settlers expanding rapidly west. Reciprocal trade treaty annihilated by US. 2 Jun 1866: CA/US - Battle of Ridgeway, Fenians invade Canada, giving Irish republicans at home a greater advantage over the British back home 1 Jul 1866: CA - The Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick are united into the Dominion of Canada by the British North America Act. 6 Aug 1866: CA - the Colonies of Vancouver Island and Colony of British Columbia are united, bearing the Mainland's name as the United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia but with the Island capital, Victoria, as the seat of government of the united colony.
63	1867	1867: UK - Derby and Benjamin Disraeli's Second Reform Bill doubles the franchise to two million. 1867: UK - Christopher Scholes invents the first practical and modern typewriter. 1867: CA - Andrew R. Wetmore becomes premier of New Brunswick, replacing Peter Mitchell 1867: NL - De graanoogsten in Drenthe mislukken. Vooral Sleen en Zweeloo worden ernstig getroffen. 29 Mar 1867: CA/UK - Queen Victoria gives royal assent to the British North America Act, 1867 1 Jul 1867: CA - Sir John A. Macdonald becomes the first prime minister of the Dominion of Canada 4 Jul 1867: CA - Hiram Blanchard becomes premier of Nova Scotia, replacing Charles Tupper 15 Jul 1867: CA - Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau becomes the first premier of Quebec. 16 Jul 1867: CA - J. S. Macdonald becomes the first premier of Ontario 6 Nov 1867: CA - the 1st Canadian Parliament meets 7 Nov 1867: CA - William Annand becomes premier of Nova Scotia, replacing Hiram Blanchard
64	1868	1868: UK - Benjamin Disraeli succeeds Derby as Prime Minister. William Gladstone becomes Prime Minister for the first time 1868: UK - J P Knight invents traffic lights. 1868: USA - George Westinghouse invents air brakes. 1868: UK - Robert Mushet invents tungsten steel. 1868: CA - The first Federal Militia Act is passed, creating a Canadian army 1868: CA - The first Federal Militia Act is passed, creating a Canadian army 1868: NL - Zeven Friezen weten binnen één dag door de elf Friese steden te schaatsen. 7 Apr 1868: CA - Father of Confederation, Thomas D'Arcy McGee, is assassinated in Ottawa by Irish Fenians.
65	1869	1869: UK - George M. Beard distinguished neurasthenia, a nervous disease of men, from hysteria, a women's disease, as, in an earlier time, men's hypochondriasis had been distinguished from women's vapeurs. Subforms of neurasthenia came to be called phobias. 1869: Ireland - The Irish Church is disestablished. 1869: Egypt - The Suez Canal is opened 1869: UK - Women obtain municipal franchise 1869: USA - Ulysses Grant president of the USA 1869-1877.
66	1870	1870: UK - Primary education becomes compulsory in Britain through the Forster-Ripon English Elementary Education Act (but poor children still roam streets after school). The Act means labourers, spouses and children of succeeding generations can read and write; women permitted to sit on school boards 1870: UK - Parliament passes the Women's Property Act, extending the rights of married women, and the Irish Land Act 1870: UK - First British postcard devised by Anthony Trollope 1870: USA - Wheeler introduces toilet paper roll 1870: Inauguration of London to Calcutta telegraph line, first electronic link between Europe and India 1870: UK - Volume of Britain's external trade equals France, Germany and Italy combined, 3-4 times greater than US; agricultural wages reach height not surpassed for many years 1870: UK - Religious tests abolished for academic posts, patronage abolished for all public offices, competitive exams introduced for Civil Service 1870: Europe - Prussia defeats France in the Franco Prussian War. 1870: CA - The Manitoba Act was given Royal Assent in the 33rd year of Queen Victoria's reign, May 12 1870. Taking effect on July 15, 1870, the Manitoba Act created the Province of Manitoba. The Manitoba Act is a Canadian Statute, and is still part of the Constitution of Canada. 1870: CA - First Dominion of Canada banknote introduced 1870: CA - G.E. King elected Premier of New Brunswick 1870: CA - At the Battle of Oldman River between the Cree and the Blood 340 are killed 1870: CA - George King becomes premier of New Brunswick, replacing Andrew Wetmore 1870: NL - Pokken epidemie in Nederland. In 1871 steigt het aantal doden tot 15.787. 1870: NL - In Nederland wordt de doodstraf afgeschaft. 1870: NL - Vestingwerken rond Coevorden moeten worden gesloopt. 1870: NL - De spoorlijn Meppel-Groningen wordt geopend. 25 May 1870: CA/US - For two weeks the Fenians launch their final attack against Canada, like the others it is unsuccessful 15 Jul 1870: CA - The Hudson's Bay Company's lands are officially transferred to Canada, and the province of Manitoba and the North-West Territories are established 16 Sep 1870: CA - Alfred Boyd becomes the first premier of Manitoba
67	1871	1871: UK - Trade Unions are legalized 1871: CA - National Meteorological Service is formed 1871: CA - Parliament legalizes the use of the metric system 1871: CA - Ontario Schools Act is passed in Ontario, requiring all students aged 7 to 12 to attend school. 1871: NL - Jan Fabricius geboren in Assen. 10 Mar 1871: CA - Government of Manitoba meets for the first time 2 Apr 1871: CA - The first formal Canadian census, which counted the population of Nova Scotia, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Quebec. In 1918, the Dominion Bureau of Statistics was formed, and replaced by Statistics Canada in 1971. The 1871 census finds the population to be 3,689,257 8 May 1871: CA/US - The Treaty of Washington reaches agreements on fishing rights and Great Lakes trade between Canada and the United States 17 May 1871: CA - New Brunswick abandons separate schools 20 Jul 1871: CA - British Columbia joins Confederation. 25 Jul 1871: CA - Treaty 1, the first of a number of treaties with western Canada's First Nations is signed 17 Aug 1871: CA - Treaty 2 is signed 11 Nov 1871: CA - The last of the British army leaves Canada 13 Nov 1871: CA - John McCreight becomes the first premier of British Columbia
68	1872	1872: UK - Secret voting is introduced for elections 1872: UK - Parliament passes the Scottish Education Act 1872: USA - A.M. Ward issues the first mail-order catalog. 1872: UK - J.S. Risdon patents the metal windmill. 1872: UK - Period to 1896 sees three economic slumps and two recoveries, said to be due to imported foodstuffs from US depressing Britain's agricultural business 1872: USA - Levi Strauss discovered rugged trousers for miners made out of sturdy brown canvas. Once this resource was exhausted, he turned to denim, which he dyed blue to become what is known now as blue jeans 1872: CA - The Dominion Lands Act provides land to settlers for only a small fee 1872: CA - The Manitoba Free Press is first published 1872: CA - A British Columbia law bans all Asian and First Nations peoples from voting. 1872: CA - Elijah McCoy, born in Colchester, Ontario, invents the first of his many devices to oil engines used on trains and in factories. 1872: CA - The new Patent Act encourages import or licensing of technology and foreign patents by allowing legal use of patent in Canada if not registered in Canada within two years. 1872: CA - An award of arbitration sets the final boundary between Canada and the United States in the Gulf of Georgia and the Strait of Juan de Fuca, ending the San Juan boundary dispute. 31 Mar 1872: CA - The first issue of the Toronto Mail, which would later be merged into the Globe and Mail, is published 15 May 1872: CA - In the first nationwide labour protest, marchers across the land press for the nine-hour workday. 22 Jun 1872: CA - A Grand Trunk Railway express passenger train from Toronto to Montreal derails near Shannonville, Ontario, killing 34. 25 Jun 1872: CA - Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Earl of Dufferin becomes Governor General of Canada 15 Oct 1872: CA - The Canadian Pacific Railway Company is formed
69	1873	1873: UK - William Gladstone's government resigns after the defeat of their Irish Universities Bill. Benjamin Disraeli declines to take up office instead 1873: UK - Parmalee invents automatic fire sprinklers 1873: UK - Joseph Glidden invents barbed wire. 1873: UK - The Great Depression lasts until 1896 1873: NL - Atjeh oorlog. Op 8 april landt het Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger op de kust van Sumatra. 1 Apr 1873: CA - The SS Atlantic is wrecked off Peggys Cove 23 May 1873: CA - North-West Mounted Police are founded to police the Northwest Territories, which then included the region today of Alberta and Saskatchewan 1 Jul 1873: CA - Prince Edward Island joins the Canadian Confederation. 25 Aug 1873: CA - A cyclone hits Cape Breton Island killing 500 and causing much damage 8 Nov 1873: CA - Winnipeg incorporated as a city
70	1874	1874: UK - Benjamin Disraeli becomes Conservative Prime Minister for the second time 1874: USA - American, C. Goodyear, Jr. invents the shoe welt stitcher. 1874: CA - Anabaptists (Russian Mennonites) start to arrive in Manitoba from various Russian colonies. 1874: NL - Kinderwet van Samuel van Houten. Arbeid door kinderen onder de 12 jaar wordt verboden. 26 Jul 1874: CA - Alexander Graham Bell discloses the invention of the telephone to his father at the family home on the outskirts of Brantford, Ontario. 1 Oct 1874: CA - The North-West Mounted Police base at Fort Macleod is founded
71	1875	1875: UK - Benjamin Disraeli purchases a controlling interest for Britain in the Suez Canal. 1875: UK - Parliament passes R.A. Cross's Conservative social reforms 1875: UK - Collapse of British agriculture due to cheap grain from US, wheat acreage falls by nearly a million acres 1875: CA - Jennifer Trout becomes the first woman licensed to practise medicine in Canada, although Emily Stowe has been doing so without a licence in Toronto since 1867 1875: CA - Grace Lockhart receives from Mount Allison University the first Bachelor of Arts degree awarded to a woman. 1875: CA - Hospital for Sick Children founded. 14 Jan 1875: CA - The Halifax Herald is first published 5 Apr 1875: CA - The Supreme Court of Canada is created 1 Jun 1875: CA - Construction begins on the Canadian Pacific Railway
72	1876	1876: USA - Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. 1876: Germany - Nikolas August Otto designed the first four-stroke piston engine 1876: UK - Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India. 1876: Bulgaria - The massacre of Christians in Turkish Bulgaria leads to anti-Turkish campaigns in Britain, led by William Gladstone 1876: UK - Melville Bissell patents the carpet sweeper. 1876: CA - The Indian Act defines the special status and land regulations of Aboriginal peoples in Canada who live on reserves; they have no vote in Canadian elections and are exempt from taxes 1876: CA - The Toronto Women's Literary Club is founded as a front for the suffrage movement 1876: NL - Mata Hari wordt op 7 augustus in Leeuwarden geboren als Margaretha Geertruida Zelle. 1 Jul 1876: CA - The Intercolonial Railway connecting central Canada to the Maritimes is completed 10 Aug 1876: CA - The world's first long-distance phone call connects the Bell residence with a shoe and boot store in nearby Paris, Ontario.
73	1877	1877: South Africa - Confederation of British and Boer states established 1877: USA - Rutherford Hayes president of the USA 1877-1881. 1877: USA - Thomas Edison invents the cylinder phonograph or tin foil phonograph. 1877: UK - Eadweard Muybridge invents the first moving pictures. 1877: CA - Charles Alphonse Pantaléon Pelletier appointed Minister of Agriculture and called to the Senate of Canada 1877: CA - Manzo Nagano was the first official Japanese immigrant into Canada 1877: CA - Refugee Lakota enter Canada near the end of the Great Sioux War 28 Feb 1877: CA - University of Manitoba founded
74	1878	1878: Berlin, Germany - The Congress of Berlin is held. Benjamin Disraeli announces peace with honour 1878: CA - Anti-Chinese sentiment in British Columbia reaches a high point as the government bans Chinese workers from public works. 7 Mar 1878: CA - Both the Université de Montréal and the University of Western Ontario are incorporated
75	1879	1879: South Africa - The Zulu War is fought. The British are defeated at Isandhlwana, but are victorious at Ulundi 1879: Midlothian, Scotland - Gladstone's Midlothian campaign denounces imperialism in South Africa and Afghanistan 1879: Afghanistan - Second Afghan War gives Britain control 1879: NL - Oprichting van de 1e politieke partij: de Antirevolutionaire Partij onder leiding van Abraham Kuyper.
76	1880	1880: UK - William Gladstone establishes his second Liberal government 1880: South Africa - The first Anglo-Boer War begins 1880: UK - British forests now decimated except for bits of the New Forest and the Forest of Dean. 1880: UK - Number of agricultural labourers reduced by about 100,000 in last 10 years 1880: UK - Englishman John Milne invents the modern seismograph. 1880: UK - The British Perforated Paper Company invents a form of toilet paper. 1880: NL - Geboorte van prinses Wilhelmina. 1880: NL - Grote veenbranden teisteren de Zuidoost hoek van Drenthe. Vooral Nieuw Weerdinge wordt zwaar getroffen.
77	1881	1881: London, UK - Savoy Theatre introduces electric lighting 1881: London, UK - Parliament passes the Irish Land Act and the Coercion Act 1881: USA - Death of Billy the Kid 1881: USA - James Garfield president of the USA 1881. Garfield was wounded by an assassin's bullet on 3 Jul 1881 and dies 19 Sep 1881. 1881: UK - David Houston patents the roll film for cameras. 1881: USA - Alexander Graham Bell invents the first crude metal detector. 1881: UK - Edward Leveaux patents the automatic player piano. 1881: CA - Manitoba's boundaries are extended north, east and west. Ontario disputes the eastward extension. 1881: NL - Assen wordt aangewezen als garnizoensstad. 17 Jan 1881: CA - The Interprovincial Bridge connecting Ottawa to Hull, Quebec, opens 16 Feb 1881: CA - The Canadian Pacific Railway is incorporated 4 Apr 1881: CA - The 1881 census finds Canada's population to be 4,324,810 24 May 1881: CA - The overloaded Victoria steamer capsizes on the Thames River near London, Ontario, killing 182 people. 19 Sep 1881: USA - Chester A. Arthur president of the USA 1881-1885. Vice president under James Garfield, he is sworn in as president upon the death of Garfield.
78	1882	1882: Europe - A triple alliance is established between Germany, Austria and Italy 1882: USA - Standard Oil controls 95% of oil refining capacity 1882: UK - Stillwell invents brown paper bag 1882: Egypt - Revolt leading to British occupation 1882: CA - John Ware, a Texas cowboy, moves to Alberta. He introduces longhorn cattle into Canada and pioneers the development of rodeo. 17 May 1882: CA - Provisional districts of the North-West Territories are established between Manitoba and British Columbia: the districts of Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabaska
79	1883	1883: CA - Augusta Stowe, daughter of Emily Stowe, is the first woman to graduate from the Toronto Medical School. 1883: CA - The Toronto Women's Suffrage Association replaces the Literary Club of 1876. 1883: CA - Nickel-copper ore is discovered at Murray Mine in Sudbury during construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway 1883: NL - Vissersramp op 6 maart in Paesens-Moddergat. 17 aken met 83 opvarenden vergaan. 1883: NL - Van Gogh schildert in Drenthe. 31 Aug 1883: CA - The Calgary Herald publishes its first issue 19 Nov 1883: CA - Canada adopts Standard Time 1 Dec 1883: CA - Regina officially declared a town.
80	1884	1884: Vienna, Austria - Sigmund Freud published a paper in which he found cocaine, an alkaloid in coca, effective against fatigue and neurasthenia. 1884: UK - Hilaire de Chardonnet invented the first artificial textile, which was made from cellulose. It was later named rayon 1884: UK - Parliament passes the third Reform Act which further extends the franchise 1884: UK - Fabian Society forms, rejects Marxian theory, embraces Ricardian theory (socialist) 1884: One-third of world's shipping is British, including 4/5 of world's steamships 1884: Burma - Britain annexes Upper Burma 1884: Africa - Britain and Germany partition East Africa 1884: UK - Excess of births over deaths in England is 13.3, in Germany 10.8, and France 1.4. 1884: USA - James Ritty invents the first working, mechanical cash register. 1884: UK - Charles Parson patents the steam turbine. 1884: USA - Lewis Edson Waterman invents the first practical fountain pen. 1884: USA - George Eastman patents paper-strip photographic film. 1884: CA - Canadian Parliament passes the Indian Advancement Act, encouraging democratic elections of chiefs. Mohawks at St. Regis, Ontario, resist the provision, preferring their traditional method of choosing leaders. 1884: NL - Er wordt een klinkerweg aangelegd tussen Emmen en Sleen. 1884: NL - Stieltjeskanaal bevaarbaar. 1884: NL - Opening spoorweg Groningen-Delfzijl. 2 Jan 1884: CA - "Humber Railway Disaster" 32 men and boys were killed upon the head on collision of a of a Grand Trunk Railway commuter train with an unscheduled freight train #42C near Toronto, Ontario. Most of the dead were workers being transported on the freight train to the Ontario Bolt Works in Swansea. 15 Oct 1884: CA - The La Presse newspaper is founded
81	1885	1885: Mesopotamia - Death of General Gordon at Khartoum. 1885: USA - Grover Cleveland president of the USA 1885-1889. 1885: Germany - Karl Benz invents the first practical automobile to be powered by an internal combustion engine. 1885: USA - Harim Maxim invents a machine gun. 1885: Germany - Gottlieb Daimler invents the first gas-engined motorcycle. 1885: CA - Banff National Park, the first national park in Canada is established 1885: CA - A head tax on Chinese immigrants is imposed by the federal government 26 Mar 1885: CA - Louis Riel and the Métis battle the North West Mounted Police at Duck Lake 9 May 1885: CA - North-West Rebellion: Battle of Batoche the Métis are defeated in 3 day battle 3 Jun 1885: CA - North-West Rebellion: Battle of Loon Lake. The last Cree resistance is shattered. 2 Jul 1885: CA - Big Bear captured. Big Bear or Mistahimaskwa (c.1825 – 17 January 1888) was born in the Canadian Northwest, and became Chief of the Plains Cree First Nation during the latter half of the nineteenth century. He is most notable for his resistance against the Canadian government. 7 Nov 1885: CA - The transcontinental railway is completed
82	1886	1886: UK - Gladstone's third Liberal government fails to pass its first Irish Home Rule Bill through the House of Commons. Gladstone resigns as Prime Minister. Split in the Liberal Party. Salisbury establishes his second Conservative-Liberal-Unionist government. 1886: UK - The Royal Niger Company is chartered 1886: South Africa - Gold is discovered in the Transvaal 1886: New York, NY, USA - Statue of Liberty erected in New York Harbour 1886: UK - Local Government Act establishes County Councils as administrative organs of country life, replace Justices of Peace who are preserved as magistrates, creates London County Council (does not cover City); women are included with men in electorate of newly- established County Councils 1886: UK - British South Africa Company, formed by Yorkshireman Cecil Rhodes, colonization of Rhodesia begins 1886: UK - Great Dock Strike of London dockers, led by John Burns and Tom Mann 1886: USA - John Pemberton invents Coca Cola. 1886: USA - Josephine Cochrane invents the dishwasher. 1886: UK - 3,992,880 migrants leave UK for US, 2,235,671 leave UK for British North America during period to 1927 1886: CA - Mohawk men of the Caughnawaga Reserve in Quebec are trained to help build a bridge across the St. Lawrence River, beginning a tradition of high steel construction work among the Iroquois. 1886: CA - Construction begins on the Banff Springs Hotel 25 Mar 1886: CA - Workman's Compensation Act passed in Ontario 6 Apr 1886: CA - Vancouver incorporated as a city 6 Jun 1886: CA - The Parliament buildings open in Ottawa 7 Jun 1886: CA - Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau becomes the first Canadian cardinal 14 Dec 1886: CA - Yoho National Park established
83	1887	1887: Germany - Emile Berliner patents the gramophone 1887: UK - Queen Victoria celebrates her Golden Jubilee 1887: UK - The Independent Labour Party is founded 1887: UK - The British East Africa Company is chartered 1887: UK - Telegraph companies control 107,000 miles of submarine cable 1887: USA - There are estimated to be 5,400 cash registers in US (increases to 16,900 in 1890) 1887: Germany - Heinrich Hertz discovers radio waves. 1887: UK - F.E. Muller and Adolph Fick invent the first wearable contact lenses. 1887: NL - In Oostzaan neemt Albert Heijn de winkel van zijn vader over. 3 Mar 1887: CA/US - The United States imposes the Fisheries Retaliation Act putting limits on Canadian fishermen and traders 23 Apr 1887: CA - McMaster University founded 3 May 1887: CA - 148 coal miners are killed in a mine explosion near Nanaimo, British Columbia 3 Dec 1887: CA - Saturday Night is a Canadian general interest magazine. It was founded in Toronto, Ontario in 1887. The publication was first established as a weekly broadsheet newspaper about public affairs and the arts, which was later expanded into a general interest magazine.
84	1888	1888: UK - Celluloid photographic film introduced 1888: UK - The County Councils' Act establishes representative county based authorities 1888: USA - Kodak box camera 1888: UK - Coin-operated public telephone invented 1888: UK - John Boyd Dunlop patents a commercially successful pneumatic tyre. 1888: USA - Nikola Tesla invents the AC motor and transformer. 1888: USA - Marvin Stone patents the spiral winding process to manufacture the first paper drinking straws. 1888: CA/US - Boundary survey started by Dr. William H. Dall of the United States and Dr. George M. Dawson of Canada. 30 Jun 1888: CA - The Northwest Territories holds its first general election; 22 members of the Legislative Assembly are elected. All are independents; there are no party politics in the territories
85	1889	1889: UK - The British South Africa Company is chartered 1889: Paris, France - The Eiffel Tower, designed by French engineer Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, is completed for the Paris Exposition. 1889: UK - First Official Secrets Act in UK 1889: USA - Benjamin Harrison president of the USA 1889-1893. 1889: UK - Sir James Dewar and Sir Frederick Abel co-invent Cordite - a type of smokeless gunpowder. 1889: UK - Joshua Pusey invents the matchbook. 1889: CA - The Dominion Women Enfranchisement Association is created to campaign for women's right to vote 1889: NL - Er wordt een klinkerweg aangelegd tussen Emmen, Zuidbarge, Erica naar Nieuw Amsterdam 1889: NL - Jan Fabricius wordt geldloper en krantenbezorger bij de Provinciale Drentsche en Asser Courant. 1889: NL - Jonkheer Van Holthe tot Echten koopt als eerste Drent een auto: hij toert trots met zijn Benz door Assen. 19 Sep 1889: CA - A rock slide in Quebec City kills 45
86	1890	1890: UK - Starting this decade, women's clothing becomes less voluminous, lawn tennis takes place of croquet as means of meeting opposite sex, bicycle becomes fashionable 1890: NL - Koning Willem III overlijdt. Koningin Emma wordt regentes. 31 Mar 1890: CA - Manitoba Liberals under Thomas Greenway halt public funding of Catholic schools; causes uproar in Quebec.
87	1891	1891: UK - University of Wales founded; Act permits women to enter medical or other faculty on same terms as men 1891: USA - Jesse W. Reno invents the escalator. 1891: UK - Agricultural depression to 1899 as cheaper frozen meat from Australia, New Zealand and South America floods into Britain, cheaper grain comes in from North America 1891: CA - The Legislative Council of New Brunswick is abolished 1891: NL - Gerard en Anton Philips richten een gloeilampenfabriek op. 21 Feb 1891: CA - The first Springhill Mining Disaster occurs killing 125. 10 Dec 1891: CA - The Canadian Pacific Railway is extended to Edmonton
88	1892	1892: France - Leon Bouly invents cinematographic film camera 1892: UK - William Gladstone forms his fourth Liberal government 1892: UK - Sir James Dewar invents the Dewar flask or vacuum flask. 1892: Germany - Rudolf Diesel invents the diesel-fueled internal combustion engine. 1892: CA - First documented women's hockey game in takes place in Barrie, Ontario playing on a outdoor ice surface 1892: CA - The Toronto Star founded 1892: CA - Harbord Collegiate Institute was opened 1892: NL - Verschijning van het eerste dagblad de Telegraaf. 1892: NL - Industrieel Willem Albert Scholten komt te overlijden. Hij was de man die veel gedaan heeft voor de veenkoloniale ontwikkeling. Hij was sociaal erg meelevend. Het Scholtenskanaal dankt haar naam aan hem zoals Klazienaveen haar naam ontleend aan zijn vrouw Klaziena van der Sluis. 8 Jul 1892: CA - Two-thirds of St. Johns, Newfoundland, destroyed in a fire 5 Dec 1892: CA - Sir John Sparrow David Thompson becomes PM. One of his first acts is to establish the Criminal Code of Canada, which is the codification of most of the criminal offences and procedure in Canada. Section 91(27) of the Canadian constitution
89	1893	1893: USA - Whitcomb L. Judson invented the zip to help a friend with a stiff back who could not bend over to do up his shoes 1893: UK - Second Irish Home Rule Bill fails to pass the House of Lords 1893: New Zealand - First nation to grant women the right to vote 1893: France - Car number plates introduced 1893: USA - Grover Cleveland president of the USA 1893-1897. 1893: The Canada Evidence Act is an Act of the Parliament of Canada that regulates the rules of evidence. The Act only applies to law within the jurisdiction of the federal government. Thus the Act applies only to federally enacted courts. 1893: NL - Vissersramp op 1 december in Wierum. 22 vissers komen om. 27 May 1893: CA - Algonquin Park is established as a wildlife sanctuary in Ontario 16 Sep 1893: CA - Calgary incorporated as a city 27 Oct 1893: CA - The National Council of Women meets for the first time
90	1894	1894: UK - Rosebery takes power with his minority Liberal government 22 Mar 1894: CA - Montreal Hockey Club defeats Ottawa to win the first Stanley Cup challenge. 14 Jun 1894: Massey Hall opens in Toronto. The hall was the site of the legendary Charlie Parker-Dizzy Gillespie concert recorded as Jazz at Massey Hall in May 1953. Accompanying Gillespie and Parker in this acoustically sound hall were Bud Powell, Max Roach, and Charles Mingus. 3 Sep 1894: CA - Labour Day celebrated for the first time in Canada.
91	1895	1895: UK - Oscar Wilde jailed for homosexuality 1895: UK - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, using a Crookes' tube, observed a new form of penetrating radiation, which he named X-rays 1895: Italy - Guglielmo Marconi sent longwave wireless telegraphic, or radio, signals over a distance of more than a mile 1895: UK - Salisbury forms his third Unionist ministry 1895: USA - Kellogg's Corn Flakes go on sale 1895: France - Lumiere Brothers invent a portable motion-picture camera, film processing unit and projector called the Cinematographe. The Lumiere Brothers using their Cinematographe are the first to present a projected motion picture to an audience of more that one person. 1895: CA - The Chinese Board of Trade is formed in Vancouver 1895: NL - Koningin Wilhelmina en Koningin-regentes Emma bezoeken Drenthe 2 Oct 1895: CA - Additional provisional districts of the North-West Territories are established: the districts of Ungava, Mackenzie, Yukon, and Franklin. The districts of Keewatin and Athabaska are enlarged so that all points of Canada are either within a province or a district.
92	1896	1896: Vienna, Austria - Sigmund Freud suggested analyzing childhood conflicts in the study of neuroses. He also devised a psychoanalytic technique called free association which allows emotionally-charged, repressed material to be consciously recognized 1896: Sudan - British conquest of the Sudan begins 1896: USA - Lightner Witmer establishes at the University of Pennsylvania a clinic of psychology, the first psychological clinic in America and perhaps in the world 1896: UK - Items considered luxuries in 1837 are now common comforts; food, clothing, bedding, furniture, are all far more abundant; gas and oil lighting being replaced by electricity; seaside holidays no longer rare 1896: UK - Howard publishes Garden Cities of Tomorrow, forerunner of modern city planning 1896: York, UK - Seebohm Rowntree (of chocolate fame) studies poor, determines poverty due to inadequate wages, not shiftlessness 1896: USA - American, H. O'Sullivan invents the rubber heel. 1896: CA - A plan to populate the western prairies with immigration from eastern Europe is unveiled 1896: CA - The first Canadian blast furnace opens in Hamilton, Ontario 1896: NL - NL - Notaris Baccx rijdt als eerste in Nederland met een eigen auto. 26 May 1896: CA - a bridge collapse in Victoria, British Columbia kills 55 people 17 Aug 1896: CA - Gold is discovered in the Yukon, prompting the Klondike gold rush
93	1897	1897: UK - Queen Victoria celebrates her Diamond Jubilee 1897: USA - Telephone penetration in US is 7 per 1,000 people 1897: USA - William McKinley president of the USA 1897-1901. William McKinley dies in Buffalo, NY, 1901. 1897: NL - Coevorden aangesloten op het Overijsselse tramnet. 29 Jan 1897: CA - The Victorian Order of Nurses is founded in Ottawa and created as a gift for Queen Victoria for the purposes of home care and social services. 2 Feb 1897: CA - Clara Brett Martin becomes the first woman allowed to practice law in Ontario 19 Feb 1897: CA - World's first Women's Institute founded in Stoney Creek, Ontario
94	1898	1898: UK - Christopher Latham Sholes patented the typewriter. His QWERTY keyboard is still with us today. 1898: Sudan - British rule over Sudan fully established 1898: USA - Campbell's soups first appear with red and white labels, colors suggested by Cornell University's football uniforms. 1898: USA - Spanish-American War: United States vs Spain 1898. 1898: UK - Edwin Prescott patents the roller coaster. 1898: CA - The Parliament of Canada passed the Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal Cree. 1898: CA - White Pass and Yukon Railway opens 1898: CA - Kit Coleman covers the Spanish-American War as Canada's first female war correspondent 1898: NL - Inhuldiging van koningin Wilhelmina te Amsterdam. 1898: NL - De Motor Tram Omnibus van Meijer gaat rijden.
95	1899	1899: Germany - German Naval expansion begins 1899: South Africa - Boer War begins and lasts three years, sparked when Englishman dies in Boer police custody. Scandalous British concentration camps cause many deaths of woman and children 1899: Australia - Unification of Australia as Commonwealth 1899: UK - Judges again declare trade unions illegal 1899: UK - J.S. Thurman patents the motor-driven vacuum cleaner. 1899: UK - I.R. Johnson patents the bicycle frame. 1899: UK - Education is now compulsory to age 12. 1 in 8 receives education after age 14 1899: NL - De Transvaalse Oorlog breekt uit in Zuid-Afrika 20 Jan 1899: About 2000 Doukhobors arrive in Halifax, Nova Scotia. They are a Christian group of Russian origin who continue to live today in south-eastern British Columbia and Saskatchewan. 21 Jun 1899: CA - Treaty No. 8 cedes much of northern Alberta to the federal government 18 Sep 1899: CA - The new City Hall building opens in Toronto. 4 Oct 1899: CA - First Canadian troops sent to an overseas war (Boer War)
96	1900	1900: UK - Salisbury wins the Khaki election. The Labour Representation Committee is formed 1900: UK - Max Planck proposes quantum theory 1900: UK - There are reckoned to be 6,000 accountants in England 1900: China - Boxer Rebellion 1900: Italy - King Assassinated 1900: USA - Kodak Introduces $1 Brownie Cameras 1900: Vienna, Austria - Sigmund Freud Publishes The Interpretation of Dreams 1900: UK - Birmingham University founded 1900: Germany - The zeppelin invented by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin. 1900: USA - Charles Seeberger redesigned Jesse Reno's escalator and invented the modern escalator. 1900: CA - The federal government doubles the head tax on Chinese immigrants 1900: CA - The Canadian Tuberculosis Association meets for the first time 18 Feb 1900: CA - Boer War: The Royal Canadian Regiment plays a decisive role in the Battle of Paardeburg over a span of 9 days. 26 Apr 1900: CA - Two-thirds of Hull, Quebec, is destroyed in a fire. 6 Dec 1900: CA - Alphonse Desjardins founds Mouvement Desjardins, the first credit union in North America.
97	1901	1901: USA - Willis H. Carrier invented the industrial air conditioner 1901: UK - Vacuum Cleaner invented by Hubert Cecil Booth 1901: Atlantic - Guglielmo Marconi sends wireless message from Cornwall to Newfoundland, a distance of over 2,000 miles 1901: Stockholm, Sweden - First Nobel Prizes Awarded 1901: USA - Theodore Roosevelt president of the USA 1901-1909. Vice president under William McKinley, he is sworn in as president upon death of McKinley. 1901: USA - King Camp Gillette invents the double-edged safety razor. 1901: UK - Edward VII, ruler of England to 1910. House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: Eldest son of Queen Victoria, married Alexandra, Princess of Denmark. 1901: NL - Koningin Wilhelmina huwt Prins Hendrik, Hertog van Mecklenburg. 22 Jan 1901: UK - Death of Queen Victoria, aged 81, over 63 years as Queen
98	1902	1902: UK - Invention of the Teddy Bear 1902: South Africa - Boer War Ends 1902: UK - Mount Pelée Erupts 1902: UK - Balfour's Education Act provides for secondary education 1902: France - French physicist George Claude invents neon light.
99	1903	1903: USA - Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright achieved flight in a manned, gasoline power-driven, heavier-than-air flying machine at Kitty Hawk. 1903: UK - First Silent Movie, The Great Train Robbery 1903: India - Plague strikes 1903: Ireland - Irish land purchase bill, Wyndham's Act, permits Irish to buy land from landlords with £150 million of loans included 1903: UK - Liverpool University, Sheffield University and Leeds University founded 1903: UK - Balfour's Licensing Act reduces number of houses selling alcohol 1903: UK - Trade depression - unemployment results; Act sets up local committees to find employment, voluntary contributions give small stipend to unemployed 1903: UK - Act of Parliament secures highly privileged immunity for trades unions; Labour Party formed 1903: UK - Free school meals for poor children, Children's Act deals with cruelty to children, prohibits imprisonment of children under 14 1903: UK - 72 British ships have Marconi's radio, 1912 - 450, 1914 - 879 1903: UK - Beginning of Old Age Pension scheme 1903: UK - Trade depression - unemployment results; William Beveridge publishes Unemployment, a Problem of Industry, which prompts creation of Labour Exchanges 1903: Europe - Louis Bleriot flies across the English Channel 1903: UK - Edward Binney and Harold Smith co-invent crayons. 1903: UK - Bottle-making machinery invented by Michael J. Owens. 1903: UK - Mary Anderson invents windshield wipers. 1903: USA - William Coolidge invents ductile tungsten used in lightbulbs. 1903: NL - Tram Hoogeveen-Nieuw Amsterdam rijdt voor het eerst.
100	1904	1904: UK - First telephone answering machine 1904: UK - Beatrix Potter's The Tale of Benjamin Bunny is published 1904: Panama - Ground Broken on the Panama Canal 1904: New York, NY, USA - New York City Subway Opens 1904: Russia - Russo-Japanese War Begins 1904: Russia - Trans-Siberian Railway Completed 1904: UK - Teabags invented by Thomas Suillivan. 1904: UK - Benjamin Holt invents a tractor.
101	1905	1905: Berne, Switzerland - Albert Einstein evolved the Special Theory of relativity. 1905: UK - Aliens Act in Britain tries to control immigration 1905: Russia - Bloody Sunday - Russian Revolution of 1905 1905: Vienna, Austria - Sigmund Freud Publishes His Theory of Sexuality 1905: NL - Bouw van de katholieke kerk Musselkanaal 1905: NL - In de venen bij Weerdinge worden enkele lijken gevonden die thans nog bewaard worden in het provinciaal museum in Assen. 1905: NL - Lokaalspoorweg Assen-Stadskanaal begint diensten.
102	1906	1906: Finland - First European Country to Give Women the Right to Vote 1906: San Francisco, USA - San Francisco Earthquake 1906: USA - Upton Sinclair Writes The Jungle 1906: USA - William Kellogg invents Cornflakes.
103	1907	1907: UK - Electric washing machine - The Thor - goes on sale 1907: Netherlands - Ten Rules of War Established at the Second Hague Peace Conference 1907: Spain - Picasso Introduces Cubism 1907: UK - Typhoid Mary Captured for the First Time 1907: France - Colour photography invented by Auguste Lumiere and Louis Lumiere. 1907: UK - The very first piloted helicopter was invented by Paul Cornu. 1907: NL - De tramlijn tussen Coevorden en Ter Apel via Nieuw Amsterdam, Erica en Klazienaveen wordt in gebruik genomen alsook een stenen voetpad tussen Emmen en Emmer Compascuum.
104	1908	1908: USA - Henry Ford created the Model T automobile 1908: UK - Electric iron and toaster patented 1908: UK - Earthquake in Italy Kills 150,000 1908: China - Three Year-Old Pu Yi Becomes Emperor of China 1908: Turkey - Revolt in the Ottoman Empire 1908: USA - The gyrocompass invented by Elmer A. Sperry. 1908: USA - Cellophane invented by Jacques E. Brandenberger. 1908: UK - J W Geiger and W Müller invent the geiger counter. 1908: UK - Fritz Haber invents the Haber Process for making artificial nitrates.
105	1909	1909: UK - Pianos reach maximum market penetration in UK households at one per ten people 1909: UK - 800 million postcards sold in England 1909: Japan - Prince Ito is Assassinated 1909: UK - Plastic Is Invented 1909: Arctic - Robert Peary Becomes the First to Reach the North Pole 1909: USA - William Taft president of the USA 1909-1913. 1909: UK - Instant coffee invented by G. Washington. 1909: NL - Prinses Juliana geboren. 1909: NL - Opening N.O.L.S. spoorlijn Delfzijl-Zuidbroek.
106	1910	1910: UK - Georges Claude discovered that electricity conducted through a tube of the rare inert gas, neon, gives a bright red glow and that other gases gave off other colors, e.g., argon gives blue, helium gives yellow and white, etc. 1910: UK - First live opera broadcast 1910: UK - Halley's Comet Makes an Appearance 1910: UK - The Tango Catches On 1910: South Africa - Formation of Union of South Africa 1910: UK - Death of Edward VII 1910: UK - Population of England/Wales 36,070, Scotland - 4,761, N. Ireland - 1,251 1910: UK - Contributory National Insurance Scheme introduced by David Lloyd George, provides medical care, maternity benefits and sick pay 1910: UK - Parliament Act reduces House of Lords' veto to delaying power; House of Commons begins to pay members a stipend 1910: UK - There are 146,000 female clerical workers in England, up from 22,000 in 1891, 7,000 in 1881, and 19 in 1851 1910: USA - Thomas Edison demonstrated the first talking motion picture. 1910: UK - Infant mortality now 110 per 1000 live births, declines steadily to 24.4 in 1956; emigration reaches about 464,000/year; divorces average 823/year, go to 3,619/year in 1920-1922, 7,955/year in 1939 (latter rise because willful desertion, cruelty and incurable insanity added to causes in 1937) 1910: UK - Strikes of seaman, dock and transport workers, general railway strike for higher wages during period to 1912 1910: NL - Glasfabrieken in Nieuw Buinen bieden werk aan 800 mensen. 1910: NL - Bentheimer Eisenbahn rijdt tussen Coevorden en Duitsland. 20 Jan 1910: UK - George V, ruler of England to 1936. House of Windsor (name adopted Jul 17, 1917): 2nd son of Edward VII, married Princess Mary of Teck.
107	1911	1911: China - The Chinese Revolution 1911: UK - Ernest Rutherford Discovers the Structure of an Atom 1911: UK - Greenwich Mean Time Adopted 1911: Peru - The Incan City of Machu Picchu Discovered 1911: Paris, France - Mona Lisa Is Stolen 1911: Antarctica - Roald Amundsen Reaches the South Pole 1911: USA - Standard Oil Company Broken Up 1911: USA - Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Catches on Fire 1911: USA - Charles Franklin Kettering invents the first automobile electrical ignition system
108	1912	1912: North Sea - The Sinking of the Titanic: 1,515 people lose their lives. 1912: UK - Parachutes Invented 1912: UK - Piltdown Man, the 'Missing Link,' Discovered but later revealed as a fraud 1912: SOS Accepted as Universal Distress Signal 1912: UK - Motorized movie cameras invented, and replaced hand-cranked cameras. 1912: UK - The first tank patented by Australian inventor De La Mole. 1912: USA - Clarence Crane created Life Savers candy 1912: NL - De ondergang van de Titanic. 1912: NL - De eerste officiële Elfstedentocht wordt gewonnen door Coen de Koning.
109	1913	1913: USA - Leo Baekeland invented a plastic laminate, known as Bakelite, and later as Formica 1913: Detroit, MI, USA - First assembly line introduced in Ford automobile factory 1913: New York, NY, USA - The Armory Show, an international display of some 1600 works of modern art, and one of the more important U.S. art exhibitions ever held, opens at the 69th-regiment armory. It arouses public curiosity, generates sensational news coverage, and helps change the direction of American art 1913: USA - Personal Income Tax introduced 1913: Washington, DC, USA - Woodrow Wilson president 1913-1921. 1913: UK - The crossword puzzle was invented by Arthur Wynne. 1913: USA - The Merck Chemical Company patented what is now known as ecstasy. 1913: USA - Mary Phelps Jacob invents the bra 1913: USA - Gideon Sundback invents the modern zipper. 1913: NL - Gasselternijveen vierde havenstad van Nederland na Amsterdam,Rotterdam en Groningen.
110	1914	1914: UK - Battle of the Marne 1914: USA - Charlie Chaplin First Appeared as the Little Tramp 1914: UK - First Traffic Light 1914: Panama - Panama Canal Officially Opened 1914: Egypt - Britain proclaims protectorate over Egypt 1914: France - Stunning British casualty figures come from Loos -60,000; in on the Somme, 60,000 in one day; total for 5-month offensive - 400,000; Germans use poison gas at Ypres 1914: Ireland - Easter Monday Irish rebellion, Irish Volunteers (later Irish Republican Army) proclaim Irish Republic; German submarine lands Sir Roger Casement who is arrested, German ship with rifles intercepted off Irish coast, Casement executed; Sinn Fein and Ulster cannot agree on partition 1914: France - Passchendaele, British advance of 5 miles costs 400,000 casualties 1914: UK - Balfour Declaration promises Jews home in Palestine 1914: UK - First use of massed tanks (Battle of Cambrai) 1914: UK - King George V adopts Windsor as Royal Family's English surname in place of family's German name 1914: USA - Garrett A. Morgan invents the Morgan gas mask 1914: NL - Algemene mobilisatie. 4 Aug 1914: World War I begins and lasts until 1918, because Germany violates a treaty to respect neutrality of Belgium; Turkey enters war on Germany's side
111	1915	1915: Armenia - Armenian Genocide 1915: USA - D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation is Released 1915: UK - Lusitania Sunk by German U-Boat 1915: Ypres, France - Second Battle of Ypres 1915: New York, NY, USA - Eugene Sullivan and William Taylor co-invent Pyrex 1915: NL - Opening stoomtram Winschoten-Ter Apel.