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Annetje Klaasdr

Female Abt 1650 - Yes, date unknown


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Timeline

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   Date  Event(s)
1 1650 
2 1651 
  • 1651: England - Thomas Hobbes, in Leviathan, argued from a mechanistic theory that man is a selfishly individualistic animal at constant war with others. In the state of nature, life is 'nasty, brutish, and short.'
  • 1651: England - Navigation Act passes, forbids exportation of goods except in all-English ships, foreign merchants and goods prohibited in England and colonies, strengthened in 1660
  • 3 Sep 1651: England - Charles II invades England and is defeated at Battle of Worcester; Charles escapes to France
3 1652 
  • 1652: England - First Anglo-Dutch War
  • 1652: France - Cookbook Le Cuisinier francois by La Varenne is published.
  • 1652: US - Massachusetts General Court licenses traders going from Massachusetts to Acadia.
  • 1652: NL - Jan van Riebeeck sticht de Kaapkolonie.
  • 1652: NL - Eerste Engelse oorlog.
4 1653 
  • 1653: England - Oliver Cromwell dissolves the 'Rump Parliament' and becomes Lord Protector
  • 1653: England - England victorious in battles against Spain and aids France against Spain; England becomes leading naval power and important military power; restores legal rights to Jews
  • 1653: CA - Marguerite Bourgeoys (Born Troyes, France April 17, 1620 Died January 12, 1700) the first school teacher in Montreal, arrives from France.
5 1654 
  • 1654: Armagh, Ireland - James Ussher, Protestant archbishop of Armagh, determined by a close reading of scriptural genealogies that the events described on the first page of the Book of Genesis occurred in 4004 B.C.
  • 1654: England - Treaty of Westminster between England and Dutch Republic
  • 1654: America - A bridge in Rowley, Massachusetts begins charging a toll for animals. People pass for free.
  • 1654: CA - Port Royal seized by Robert Sedgwick. He would hold on to Acadia until 1670.
  • 1654: CA - For the next 5 years, Pierre-Esprit Radisson, French Sieur de Groselliers, encounters a lot of tribes throughout New France, New England, and what is now the U.S. midwest. Adopted by a Mohawk family, who take him to Hudson Bay, there he changes sides and becomes English, participates in the formation of Hudson's Bay Company, and charter of Rupert's Land to it in 1670, deftly switching country allegiances several times France-England-France-England during the process. Ends up English. Today principally remembered by a hotel named after him in Minneapolis.
6 1655 
7 1656 
  • 1656: England - Christiaan Huygens built the first pendulum-regulated clock. Two years later, Huygens, in Horologium, claimed that his clock could establish longitude at sea which was not then possible and had led to many maritime disasters.
  • 1656: England - War with Spain (until 1659)
  • 1656: England - Second Protectorate Parliament
  • 1656: NL - Rembrandt van Rijn wordt failliet verklaard.
8 1657 
  • 1657: France - Stockings are manufactured in France.
  • 1657: FR - Sulpicians, a Catholic Society of Apostolic Life named for Eglise Saint-Sulpice, Paris, who run missions, come to North America.
9 1658 
  • 1658: CA - Marguerite Bourgeoys (Born Troyes, France April 17, 1620 Died January 12, 1700) established the Congregation of Notre Dame, the first uncloistered order of nuns in North America.
  • 14 Jun 1658: England - Battle of the Dunes, Spanish defeated by Anglo- French army; acquisition of Dunkirk
  • 3 Sep 1658: England - Oliver Cromwell dies; succeeded as Lord Protector by son Richard
  • 3 Sep 1658: England - Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector. Ruler of England to 1659. Commonwealth & Proctorate: 3rd son of Oliver.
10 1659 
  • 1659: London, England - First cheque drawn
  • 1659: America - The celebration of Christmas was banned in Boston (until 1681). The pilgrims believed it to be a decadent celebration.
  • 1659: CA - A vicar apostolic, the Jesuit-trained Bishop Francois X. de Laval-Montmorency (1623-1708) arrives in Quebec in June as vicar general of the pope to take command of the missions and to found parishes.
  • 2 Feb 1659: South Africa - Jan van Riebeeck, the first governor of the Cape of Good Hope made the first wine from grapes grown at the Cape.
  • 25 May 1659: England - Richard Cromwell forced to resign by the army; 'Rump Parliament' restored
11 1660 
  • 1660: Furtwangen, Germany - Cuckoo clocks made in the Black Forest region.
  • 1660: England - Charles II, ruler of England to 1685. House of Stuart (restored): Eldest son of Charles I, died without issue. De Jure King from 30 JAN 1649.
  • 1660: England - Two houses of Parliament and Church of England restored, land returned to rightful owners; 'Dissenters' born (Quakers, Baptists, Congregationalists, etc.)
  • 1660: New Amsterdan, America - Asser Levy from Portugal, applied for a license to sell kosher meat. He was the first kosher butcher in the city that was to become New York
  • 1660: US - Dutch governor-general Peter Stuyvesant decides to hold Indian children hostage for the behavior of increasingly angry tribespeople. Hostages sold into Caribbean plantation slavery.
  • 1660: CA - Adam Dollard des Ormeaux and about sixty others withstand an attack by over 500 Iroquois at Long Sault (May). It is traditionally said that the small party fights so well that the Iroquois decide not to attack Montreal.
  • 29 May 1660: London, England - Charles II, aged 30, rides into London, people go mad with joy
12 1661 
13 1662 
14 1663 
  • 1663: England - James Gregory invents the first reflecting telescope.
  • 1663: CA - The French Crown takes personal control of Canada from a private company, which becomes a royal province. Louis XIV's brilliant minister J. B. Colbert reorganizes New France directly under royal authority. Administration is divided between a military governor and a more powerful intendant, both ruling from Quebec City but under orders from Paris. The fur trade is granted to a new monopoly, the Company of the West Indies.
  • 1663: CA - New France has a population of about 2,000.
  • 1663: CA - Laval organizes the Seminaire du Quebec, a college of theology which eventually becomes Université Laval (1852).
15 1664 
  • 1664: New Amsterdan, America - England siezes New Amsterdam from the Dutch, changes name to New York
  • 1664: US - The British invade and conquer the Dutch at New Amsterdam, renaming it New York. England gains control of New Netherland from the Dutch and become allies and trade partners with the Iroquois.
  • 1664: CA - Hans Bernhardt is the first recorded German immigrant.
  • 1664: NL - Hendrik Casimir II wordt stadhouder van Friesland.
16 1665 
  • 1665: Netherlands - Great Plague kills 1/5 London population;
  • 1665: Germany - Rudolph Jacob Camerarius was born. A botanist, he showed the existence of sexes in plants, and identified the stamen and pistil as the male and female organs.
  • 1665: CA - For the next 7 years, Jean Talon (c.1625-94), the first intendant of New France, sets out to establish New France as a prosperous, expanding colony rivaling the thriving English colonies to the south. He invites many new settlers, including young women. He also tries to diversify the economy beyond furs and to build trade with Acadia and the West Indies. Talon is recalled before he can carry out his policies, however.
  • 1665: CA - The Carignan-Salières Regiment is sent from France to Quebec to deal with the Iroquois. Many of its members stay on as settlers.
  • 1665: NL - Tweede Engelse oorlog.
17 1665-1666 
  • 1665-1666: NL - Tijdens de 1e oorlog met Barend van Galen, bisschop van Munster, trekken Munsterse soldaten stropend door Emmen. (over aantallen verschillen de meningen)
18 1666 
  • 1666: England - First European printed paper banknote issued
  • 1666: London, England - The Great Fire of London began in the shop of the King's baker. After burning for four days, more than 13,000 buildings had been destroyed.
  • 1666: CA - The Carignan-Salières Regiment destroys five Mohawk villages, eventually leading to peace between the Iroquois and the French.
19 1667 
  • 1667: Medway River, Kent - Dutch fleet defeats the English
  • 1667: CA - First census of New France records 668 families, totalling 3,215 non-native inhabitants.
  • 1667: NL - New York wordt in Breda verkwanseld aan de Britten.
20 1668 
  • 1668: Europe - Triple Alliance of England, Netherlands, and Sweden against France
  • 1668: England - Isaac Newton invents a reflecting telescope.
  • 1668: CA - Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Medard Chouart, sieur de Groseilliers, explore west of the St. Lawrence River as far as Lake Superior, plus the Hudson Bay region, for England.
  • 1668: CA - The Carignan-Salieres regiment is recalled to France, but several hundred choose to remain behind, many in return for local seigneuries.
21 1669 
  • 1669: England - Isaac Newton circulated a manuscript, De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas, the first notice of his calculus.
  • 1669: CA - HBC Ft. Charles, at foot of James Bay, becomes Ft. Rupert.
22 1670 
  • 1670: England - Secret Treaty of Dover between Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France to restore Roman Catholicism to England
  • 1670: America - Hudson's Bay Company founded
  • 1670: France - Dom Pérignon invents Champagne.
  • 1670: England - Over a 20 year period 80,000 Huguenots come to England, majority are silk workers, by 1689 40,000 families make living by silk
  • 1670: Cologne, Germany - At Cologne Cathedral, the choirmaster makes sugar sticks to give to the young singers in the choir, to keep them occupied during the Living Crèche ceremony: the first candy canes.
  • 1670: CA - 1670: Charles II (England) charters Hudson's Bay Company in London. Underwritten by a group of English merchants, HBC is granted trade rights over Rupert's Land -- i.e., all territory draining into Hudson Bay (May 2). No treaties or compensation to the First Nations there (mostly Ojibwe, Cree peoples) until the late 19th and early 20th century; no treaties ever made on large expanse east of Bay.
23 1671 
  • 1671: England - Game Laws prevent majority of citizens from hunting, even on their own land
  • 1671: Germany - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invents a calculating machine.
  • 14 Jun 1671: CA - At Sault Ste. Marie, four Jesuit priests led by Father Claude-Jean Allouez representing the Roman Catholic Church, and Simon Francois Daumont, Sieur de St. Lusson held aloft a sword and a symbolic tuft of sod, and declared to the indigenous First Nations peoples that all of the Great Lakes country was henceforth a possession of King Louis XIV of France.
24 1672 
  • 1672: England - Third Anglo-Dutch war (until 1674)
  • 1672: Netherlands - William of Orange becomes ruler
  • 1672: US - Colonial postal officials employ Aboriginal couriers to carry mail between New York City and Albany; winter weather is too severe for white couriers.
  • 1672: CA - Comte de Frontenac becomes governor general of New France, later quarrelling frequently with the intendant and the bishop.
  • 1672: NL - Rampjaar. Moord op de gebroeders De Witt. Het land is radeloos, reddeloos en redeloos.
  • 1672: NL - Winschoterzijl door den bisschop van Munster bezet.
25 1673 
26 1674 
27 1675 
  • 1675: America - King Philip's War: New England colonies vs Wampanoag, Narragansett and Nipmuck Indians 1675-1676.
  • 1675: Netherlands - Christiaan Huygens patents the pocket watch.
  • 1675: US - Bacon's Rebellion -- Third major war between Virginia settlers and Virigina and Maryland Native Americans. Bacon's army kills and enslaves Susquehannock, Occaneechi, Appomatuck, Manakin, members of Powhattan Confederacy. Bacon leads brief rebellion against English Crown authority when his English military murderer commission is rescinded because of excessive brutalities.
  • 1675: CA/US - Metacom's (King Phillip's) War against the New England Confederation of colonies - Wampanoag, later joined by Abenaki, Nipmucs and Narragansetts. Mohawks stay neutral; Mohegans, Pequots, Niantics, and Massachusetts tribes back the English. Metacom loses. English government executes Metacom in 1676, nails body parts to town hall, sells wife, children, followers to plantation slavery.
  • 1675: CA - The population of New France is almost 8,000.
  • 1675: NL - Het tabaksrooken komt in gebruik.
  • 23 Dec 1675: England - Charles II issued a proclamation suppressing Coffee Houses. The public response was so negative that he revoked it on January 8, 1676.
28 1676 
  • 1676: England - Robert Hooke invents the universal joint.
  • 1676: Paris, France - Compagnie de Limonadiers vendors sold lemonade from tanks they carried on their backs - these were the first soft drinks.
  • 1676: NL - De Ruyter sneuvelt bij Sicilië in de Middellandse zee.
29 1677 
30 1678 
  • 1678: England - Popish Plot in England; Titus Oates falsely alleges a Catholic plot to murder Charles II
  • 1678: England - John Bunyan (1628-1688) publishes Pilgrim's Progress
  • 1678: CA - Louis Hennepin is the first European to see Niagara Falls
  • 1678: CA - Daniel Greysolon Duluth of France explores Great Lakes and negotiates treaties between the warring Ojibwa and Sioux.
31 1679 
32 1680 
  • 1680: America - Pennsylvania founded by William Penn for oppressed Quakers
  • 1680: England - Moves to remove Charles II's brother James from succession persist through into 1681 (because he married an Italian and converted to Catholicism) and replace with Charles's illegitimate son, also Charles;civil war between Tories and Whigs narrowly averted
33 1681 
34 1682 
  • 1682: CA - Robert Cavelier, sieur de la Salle reaches the mouth of the Mississippi River and claims the entire Mississippi Valley for France, naming the area Louisiana.
  • 1682: US - William Penn's treaty with the Delaware begins a period of friendly relations between the Quakers and Indians.
35 1683 
  • 1683: CA - After the death of Louis XIV's brilliant minister, J. B. Colbert, France's interest in the colonies wanes.
36 1685 
37 1686 
  • 1686: England - James II disregards Test Act; Roman Catholics appointed to public office
  • 1686: CA - De Troyes and D'Iberville capture three English posts on James Bay (June-July).
  • 1686: CA - King James II and Louis XIV sign neutrality pact handing forts of St. John's and Port Royal back to the French.
  • 1686: NL - De Sint Maartensvloed kost in de provincie Groningen 1558 mensenlevens.
  • 1686: NL - Groote watervloed : alleen in 't Oldambt zouden 482 menschen verdronken zijn.
38 1687 
39 1688 
40 1689 
  • 1689: England - Convention Parliament issues Bill of Rights; establishes a constitutional monarchy in Britain; bars Roman Catholics from the throne; Toleration Act grants freedom of worship to dissenters in England; Grand Alliance of the League of Augsburg, England, and the Netherlands
  • 1689: Londonderry, Ireland - Catholic forces loyal to James II land from France and lay siege
  • 1689: England - King William's War: English Colonies vs France 1689-1697.
  • 1689: CA - For the next 8 years, King William's War (American counterpart of the War of the Grand Alliance in Europe) -- Abenakis, Penobscot, other New England tribes, attacked by English and their Iroquois allies. This is the first of the French-English wars for control of North America, continuing to 1763. During these wars, the Iroquois League generally sides with the English, and the Algonquian tribes with the French.
  • 1689: CA - Nicolas Perrot formally claims upper Mississippi region for France.
  • 1689: CA - The Iroquois kill many French settlers at Lachine.
  • 1689: NL - Willem III wordt koning van Engeland.
  • 13 Feb 1689: England - William III and Mary II, rulers of England to 1702. House of Stuart (restored): Son of William, Prince of Orange, by Mary, daughter of Charles I. Mary eldest daughter of James II. She died 1694.
41 1690 
  • 1690: Ireland - Battle of the Boyne: James II defeated, flees into exile
  • 1690: India - The English found Calcutta
  • 1690: England - John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding
  • 1690: Salem, Massachusetts - The first shipment of bananas arrived in the colonies
  • 1690: CA - Sent by Massachusetts, Sir William Phips captures Port Royal (11 May). Frontenac repels Phips' attack on Quebec (October). These events are part of what is sometimes called King William's War.
42 1691 
  • 3 Oct 1691: Limerick, Ireland - The Treaty of Limerick allows Catholics in Ireland to exercise their religion freely, but severe penal laws soon follow. The French War begins
43 1692 
  • 1692: England - Retribution against Catholics who helped James II until 1710, lands confiscated, given to Protestants; harsh laws passed against Catholic religion and trade
  • 1692: NL - De jenever wordt volksdrank.
  • 13 Feb 1692: Glencoe, Scotland - The Glencoe Massacre occurs
  • 3 Aug 1692: England - Battle of Steinkirk and Battle of Lande (against France), both defeats for England, through into 1693
  • 22 Oct 1692: CA - Marie Madelaine Jarret de Vercheres defends the family fort with a handful of seniors and children against the Iroquois, a true youthful hero of New France.
44 1693 
45 1694 
46 1695 
47 1696 
  • 1696: CA - European fur market collapses as fashion temporarily changes, leading to an increase in colonist settlers wanting permanent land to clear and farm.
48 1697 
  • 1697: England - Peace of Ryswick between the allied powers of the League of Augsburg and France ends the French War
  • 1697: England - Civil List Act votes funds for the maintenance of the Royal Household
  • 1697: England - Blasphemy Act in England
  • 1697: After almost a decade of guerrilla warfare, the Peace of Ryswick merely confirms the status quo, even returning Acadia, captured by the English, to the French. England and France make temporary peace in 1697 (Treaty of Ryswick).
  • 10 Nov 1697: England - Birth of William Hogarth (died 1764), bitter satirical artist of great genius, chronicling social evils of the times
49 1698 
  • 1698: England - Thomas Savery patented an engine which produced a vacuum by condensing steam. It was employed for raising water from a mine and supplying water to several country houses.
  • 1698: Russia - Tsar Peter the Great begins taxing men with beards
50 1699 
  • 23 May 1699: America - John Bartram was born. A naturalist and explorer, considered 'father of American botany'; established a world renowned botanical garden in Philadelphia in 1728.
51 1700 
  • 1700: England - Population of England and Wales estimated at 5.5 million
  • 1700: England - Population of English colonies in America, 200,000
  • 1700: CA - Population of Acadia is 1,400. Clear that New France is not going to be self-sufficient.
  • 1700: NL - Invoering van de Gregoriaanse kalender in Friesland. Op 31-12-1700 volgde 12-01-1701.
  • 26 Jan 1700: CA - The Cascadia Earthquake, one of the largest earthquakes on record, ruptures the Cascadia Subduction Zone offshore from Vancouver Island to northern California, creating a tsunami that wiped out the winter village of Pachena Bay leaving no survivors.
52 1701 
  • 1701: England - The Act of Settlement settles the Royal Succession on the Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover. William III forms a grand alliance between England, Holland and Austria to prevent the union of the Spanish and French crowns. The War of the Spanish Succession breaks out in Europe over the vacant throne
  • 1701: England - Death of James II in exile, King Louis of France recognises James's son as King James III
  • 1701: England - Jethro Tull invents the seed drill.
  • 1701: CA- Peace treaty signed between the Iroquois Confederacy and the French and English.
  • 1701: CA - Detroit, Michigan founded as Fort Pontchartrain du détroit by Antoine de Lamothe Cadillac.
  • 1701: CA - War of the Spanish Succession begins in Europe; spreads to North America (Queen Anne's War) in 1702.
  • 1701: NL - Lodewijk XIV bezet de Zuidelijke Nederlanden.
53 1702 
  • 1702: England - Death of King William III in a riding accident. He is succeeded by his sister-in-law.
  • 1702: England - Queen Anne, ruler of England to 1714. House of Stuart (restored): 2nd daughter of James II. Died with no living heirs.
  • 1702: England - Queen Anne's War: England declares war on France as part of the War of the Spanish Succession. English Colonies vs France 1702-1713.
  • 1702: England - England tries to prevent grandson of Louis of France from taking Spanish throne; John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, instrumental in uniting England, Holland, Austria and Germany against France (period to 1713)
  • 1702: England - Freehold yeomen represent one eigth of population of England. Substantial tenant farmers represent a little less; coffee houses become popular
  • 1702: CA - For the next 11 years, The short-lived Peace of Ryswick collapses with the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession, which erupts in the colonies as Queen Anne's War. It ends with France losing North American territory to Britain.
  • 1702: NL - Willem III van Oranje-Nassau overlijdt aan de gevolgen van een val van zijn paard op Hampton Court.
54 1703 
  • 1703: Epworth, Lincolnshire, England - Birth of John Wesley. By 1784, 356 Methodist chapels built in places lacking church
  • 1703: CA - Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil becomes Governor of New France.
55 1704 
  • 1704: England - Johann Sebastian Bach began composing music
  • 1704: Gibraltar - British capture Gibraltar from Spain
  • 1704: CA - French destroy the English settlement at Bonavista, Newfoundland.
  • 13 Aug 1704: England - British, Dutch, German and Austrian troops, under the Duke of Marlborough, defeat the French and Bavarians at the Battle of Blenheim
56 1706 
  • 1706: London, England - The Evening Post, first evening newspaper issued
  • 23 May 1706: Netherlands - British, Bavarian and Austrian troops under Marlborough defeat the French at the Battle of Ramillies, and expel the French from the Netherlands
57 1707 
  • 1707: Great Britain - The Act of Union unites the kingdoms of England and Scotland and transfers the seat of Scottish Government to London
  • 1707: CA - Port Royal is attacked twice by the English from Massachusetts.
58 1708 
  • 1708: NL - Strenge winter : vorst van 24 December tot in Mei.
  • 11 Jul 1708: England - The Duke of Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Oudenarde. The French incur heavy losses. Queen Anne vetoes a parliamentary bill to recognise the Scottish militia. This is the last time a bill is vetoed by the sovereign
59 1709 
60 1710 
  • 1710: Great Britain - A Tory ministry is formed, under Harley, with the impeachment of Dr. Sacheverell and the fall of the Whig government
  • 1710: Great Britain - Wooden panelling replaces tapestry as wall covering
  • 1710: CA - The English recapture Acadia, this time permanently, and rename it Nova Scotia.
  • 1710: CA - Francis Nicholson captures Port Royal for England.
  • 1710: CA - The English take Port Royal and name it Annapolis Royal.
  • 1710: UK - Three Mohawk chiefs and one Mahican are received in Queen Anne's court in England as the Four Kings of the New World.
  • 1710: CA - The Mandan Indians west of the Great Lakes begin to trade in horses descended from those brought to Texas by the Spanish. Itinerant Assiniboine Indians bring them from Mandan settlements to their own territories southwest of Lake Winnipeg.
61 1711 
  • 1711: Great Britain - Englishman John Shore invents the tuning fork.
  • 1711: US - Tuscarora War on North Carolina frontier fought between British settlers and Tuscarora Indians. Remnants of this Iroquoian tribe migrate north.
  • 1711: NL - Johan Willem Friso, erfstadhouder van Friesland, verdrinkt in het Hollands Diep.
62 1712 
63 1713 
  • 1713: Europe - The Treaty of Utrecht is signed by Britain and France, thus concluding the War of the Spanish Succession
  • 1713: CA - At the conclusion of Queen Anne's War - Maine Abenakis and Iroquois from Quebec (Caughnawaga) attack the English colonists on behalf of the French, but lose. The European nations negotiate their settlement at the Treaty of Utrecht (1713); Louis XIV cedes Hudson Bay, Acadia (Nova Scotia) and Newfoundland (but not Cape Breton Island or St. John's Island) to Great Britain.
  • 1713: US - Turcarora War (North Carolina) -- Under the English Col. John Barnwell, then Col. James Moore, the Tuscarora Nation was repeatedly attacked, its chiefs tortured, its people sold (10 pounds sterling each) into slavery. The survivors fled northward and settled among the Haudenosee (Iroquois) 5 Nations.
  • 1713: CA - After loss of lands to England in the Treaty of Utrecht, France starts building Fortress Louisbourg near the eastern tip of l'Ile-Royale.
  • 1713: NL - Via Azië en Rusland bereikt de (1e) veepest epidemie ons land.
64 1714 
65 1715 
66 1716 
  • 1716: Italy - John Lombe steals plans for silk manufacture, returning to England he and brother Thomas build vast factory on island at Derby
  • 1716: Scotland - James Lind was born. Lind was a Scottish physician who recommended that fresh citrus fruit and lemon juice be included in the seamen's diet to eliminate scurvy. The Dutch had been doing this for almost two hundred years.
  • 1716: CA - Jacques Talbot came to Montreal as a schoolmaster.
67 1717 
  • 1717: Great Britain - Townshend is dismissed from government by George I, causing Walpole to resign. The Whig party is split. Convocation is suspended
  • 1717: Europe - England allies with French and Dutch against Spanish, Spanish brought to heel in 1718
  • 1717: Great Britain - Edmond Halley invents the diving bell.
  • 1717: Great Britain - John Lombe in England invents a machine for 'throwing' silk which produces a strong twisted thread
  • 1717: CA - Fort Kaministiquia was founded by French merchants to be the first in a series of forts reaching westward to expand trade and seek a route to the western sea. (Daniel Greysolon Dulhut had built a fort, (Fort Caministigoyan), at the same location on the Kaministiquia River in 1679.)
  • 1717: NL - Bij een stormvloed tijdens de kerstmis komen in Groningen en Friesland 5000 mensen om.
68 1719 
69 1720 
  • 1720: Great Britain - Dr. Richard Mead publishes Short Discourse Concerning Pestilential Contagion, advocates quarantine, proposes establishment of government Council of Health; inoculation against smallpox introduced from Constantinople by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
  • 1720: Great Britain - Hospitals founded in London: Guy's, St. George's, London & Middlesex in period to 1745
  • 1720: Meiringen, Switzerland - Invention of meringue is attributed to an Italian pastry chef named Gasparini.
  • 1720: US - French forts along the Mississippi River spread northward from New Orleans.
  • 1720: UK - Lord Baltimore sponsors expedition to bring settlers to Newfoundland.
70 1721 
71 1722 
72 1723 
  • 1723: Great Britain - Legislation allowing parishes to create 'unions' or workhouses, to prevent escape of children they could be manacled
  • 1723: Great Britain - Excise Act, restrictions removed on exports, duty removed on imports of raw materials; London builds bonded warhouse for tea, coffee and chocolate
  • 1723: New England, USA - Dummer's War 1723-1726.
  • 1723: NL - Grens tusschen Onstwedde en Pekela geregeld.
  • 16 Jul 1723: Devon, Great Britain - Birth of Sir Joshua Reynolds (died 1792), arguably finest English landscape and portrait painter, career 1750-1780
73 1724 
74 1725 
  • 1725: CA - Claude-Thomas Dupuy was appointed intendant of New France.
  • 1725: CA - Peter the Great sends Vitus Bering to explore the North Pacific.
  • 30 Apr 1725: Great Britain - Treaty of Vienna: Austria and Spain resolve differences
75 1726 
  • 1726: Scotland - First circulating library in Britain opens in Edinburgh. Jonathan Swift publishes his Gulliver's Travels
  • 1726: Great Britain - English peers number 179, about 130 of whom are active
  • 1726: CA - Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois was appointed as Governor of New France.
  • 1726: CA - Thomas-Jacques Taschereau arrived in New France (Canada) as a private secretary to the Intendant of New France, Claude-Thomas Dupuy.
76 1727 
77 1728 
  • 1728: France - Pierre Fauchard, in The Surgeon Dentist, described preventive measures to keep teeth healthy as well as inventing the word dentist.
  • 1728: CA - Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye was appointed commandant of the French posts on the north shore of Lake Superior and stationed at Fort Kaministiquia
  • 1728: CA - Vitus Bering sails through the Bering Strait.
78 1729 
  • 1729: Great Britain - Alexander Pope publishes his Dunciad
  • 1729: US - Natchez attacked French Fort Rosalie and French settlements nearby after the French commander of the fort, Sieur Chepart, ordered them to abandon their village of White Apple. The Natchez wiped out the entire settlement and captured Fort Rosalie. In 1730 and 1731 the French, aided by the Choctaw, launched two counterattacks out of New Orleans, capturing and selling into plantation slavery most of the tribe and its smaller allies. A few bands found refuge among the Chickasaw, Creek, and Cherokee.
  • 1729: NL - De Dokkumer Nieuwe Zijlen aangelegd.
  • 1729: NL - Willem IV stadhouder in de gewesten Friesland, Groningen, Drenthe en Gelderland.
79 1730 
  • 1730: Great Britain - A split occurs between Walpole and Townshend
  • 1730: Ireland - Famine strikes
  • 1730: Great Britain - In early part of 1700s, death rate had surpassed birth rate; begins to reverse; after 1780 death-rate plummets - due to replacement of gin-drinking with beer-drinking after taxes increased and retail sales curtailed on former in 1750; medical care improves, as does agriculture, more food available
  • 1730: Great Britain - Georg Brandt, a Swedish chemist, discovered the element cobalt. Cobalt is used in steel making, and is an essential part of vitamin B12.
  • 1730: UK - Seven Cherokee chiefs visit London and form an alliance, The Articles of Agreement, with King George II.
  • 1730: CA - The Mississauga drive the Seneca Iroquois south of Lake Erie.
  • 1730: NL - De aardappel wordt in ons land geintroduceerd, een Zuid-Amerikaans product.
80 1731 
  • 1731: Europe - Second Treaty of Vienna, Austria and Spain smooth out remaining differences
  • 1731: CA - Fort St. Pierre on Rainy Lake established by Christopher Dufrost de La Jemeraye and Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye. This was the first fort in La Verendrye's expansion of the "Posts of the West".
  • 1731: CA - For the next 12 years, the La Verendrye family organize expeditions beyond Lake Winnipeg and direct fur trade toward the east.
  • 1731: NL - De paalworm teistert ons land, de worm vreet de palen in onze dijken op.
81 1732 
  • 1732: British North America - A royal charter is granted for the founding of Georgia in America
  • 1732: Great Britain - The English banned American made hats to protect domestic haberdashers.
  • 1732: CA - Fort St. Charles, on Lake of the Woods was constructed by La Vérendrye's nephew, Christopher Dufrost de La Jemeraye and his eldest son Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye.
82 1733 
  • 1733: Great Britain - The Excise Crisis occurs and Walpole is forced to abandon his plans to reorganise the customs and excise
  • 1733: Europe - Further cementing of relations between Austria and Spain
  • 1733: Great Britain - John Kay invents the flying shuttle.
  • 1733: CA/US - Vitus Bering's second expedition, with George Wilhelm Steller aboard, the first naturalist to visit Alaska.
83 1734 
  • 1734: Great Britain - Walpole returned to power with smaller majority, power weakened
  • 1734: CA - Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye establishes Fort Maurepas (Canada) on the Red River about five leagues south of Lake Winnipeg, third of the main La Vérendrye posts. (St. Pierre on Rainy River; reactivated; Fort St. Charles on Lake of the Woods.)
  • 1734: CA - A Montreal slave named Marie-Joseph Angelique learns that she is to be sold to someone else. In an attempt to escape, she sets a fire in her mistress's house. The fire can not be contained, causing damage to half of Montreal. She is caught, tortured and hanged, bringing attention to the conditions of the slaves.
84 1735 
  • 1735: CA - Father Jean-Pierre Aulneau came to Fort St. Charles with La Vérendrye to carry out his duties as a missionary.
  • 1735: NL - Jan Klatter, schuitvaarder van Pekela op Groningen.
85 1736 
  • 1736: Great Britain - John Harrison finished building and tested at sea what proved to be the first accurate chronometer for timing longitude
  • 1736: Great Britain - Duke of Newcastle now controls clerical (religious) patronage
  • 8 Jun 1736: CA - Father Jean-Pierre Aulneau, Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye and 19 French voyageurs were headed from Fort St. Charles to Montreal via Fort St. Pierre. On their first night out they were massacred by Sioux warriors on a nearby island in Lake of the Woods.
86 1737 
  • 1737: Scotland - Porteous Riots
  • 1737: America - Spain begins to attack British trade
  • 1737: CA - Marguerite d'Youville (Born Varennes, France October 15, 1701 Died December 28, 1771) and some friends in Montreal, begin taking in the poor and educating abandoned children.
  • 20 Nov 1737: Great Britain - Death of King George II's wife, Queen Caroline
87 1738 
  • 1738: Great Britain - John and Charles Wesley start the Methodist movement in Britain
  • 1738: Europe - Third Treaty of Vienna settles Polish question, gives Lorraine to France
  • 1738: CA/US - Smallpox strikes the Cherokee in the Southeast, killing almost half the population. Smallpox also reaches tribes in western Canada.
  • 1738: CA - Ester Bradeau, in the guise of a cabin boy, is the first known Jewish woman to arrive in Canada. Eventually she is deported to France for failing to embrace the Roman Catholic religion
  • 1738: CA - Fort Rouge (the fort), built on the Assiniboine River near the Forks.
  • 1738: CA - Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye travelled southwest from Fort La Reine to the area of the Missouri River in what is now North Dakota.
88 1739 
  • 1739: Europe - Britain goes to war with Spain in the War of Jenkins' Ear. The cause: Captain Jenkins' ear was claimed to have been cut off during a Naval Skirmish
  • 1739: Great Britain - First 'Lying-in hospital' for women
  • 1739: Europe - War with Spain, War with France; Britain uses German and Dutch mercenaries
  • 1739: NL - De vroeg ingevallen strenge winter zorgt voor hongersnood.
89 1740 
90 1741 
  • 1741: Ireland - Further famine, population about 4 million
  • 1741: CA - First Fort Dauphin, was built near Winnipegosis, Manitoba.
  • 1741: CA - Vitus Bering, in service of Russia, reaches Alaska; Russians soon trade with natives for sea otter pelts.
  • 1741: CA - Fort Bourbon established near present day Grand Rapids, Manitoba.
  • 1741: CA - François-Josué de la Corne Dubreuil appointed commandant at Fort Kaministiquia.
91 1742 
92 1743 
93 1744 
  • 1744: Great Britain - King George's War: French Colonies vs Great Britain 1744-1748.
  • 1744: Treaty of Lancaster (English-Iroquois).
  • 1744: CA - Nicolas-Joseph de Noyelles de Fleurimont succeeded Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye as the Commandant of the western French forts.
  • 15 Mar 1744: France declares war on England
94 1745 
  • 1745: Great Britain - Sir Robert Walpole dies
  • 1745: Great Britain - E.G. von Kleist invents the leyden jar, the first electrical capacitor.
  • 1745: Western Highlands, Scotland - Bonnie Prince Charlie, son of James III, lands and triggers a Jacobite Rebellion
  • 1745: Great Britain - Scots reach Derby; 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' is inexplicably persuaded to turn back, loses initiative
  • 1745: Scotland - The secret formula for Drambuie liqueur is given to the Mackinnon family by Prince Charles Edward.
  • 1745: NL - De landbouw wordt geconfronteerd met de tweede veepestepidemie.
  • 11 May 1745: Fonteney, Austrian Netherlands - Battle of Fontenoy (Flanders/Belgium), George's son, Duke of Cumberland, leads Britain's defeat
  • 17 Jun 1745: CA - Louisbourg surrenders to English after six-week siege.
  • 21 Sep 1745: Scotland - a Scottish victory at the Battle of Prestonpans
95 1746 
  • 1746: England - William Pitt (the elder) enters government
  • 1746: Typhoid fever epidemic breaks out among the Micmac of Nova Scotia.
  • 1 Mar 1746: CA - Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière, was appointed governor general of New France
  • 16 Apr 1746: Culloden, Scotland - Battle of Culloden, Scots defeated by Cumberland; fails to capture Charles who, after five months, escapes to France
  • 16 Apr 1746: UK - The Battle of Culloden (Scottish Gaelic: Blàr Chùil Lodair) was the final clash between the French-supported Jacobites and the Hanoverian British Government in the 1745 Jacobite Rising. It was the last land battle to be fought on mainland Britain. Culloden brought the Jacobite cause—to restore the House of Stuart to the throne of the Kingdom of Great Britain—to a decisive defeat.
  • 30 Aug 1746: CA - Duc d'Anville, a French aristocrat, arrives at Chebucto (now Halifax Harbour) with 13,000 men in 70 ships. His orders from the King of France: Expel the British from Nova Scotia, then burn Boston and sack New England. Disease and dissension within the command structure defeats d'Anville's force, which despite its formidable strength has no discernible effect on the course of events in North America.
  • Oct 1746: CA - Fortress Louisbourg and l'Ile-Royale are returned to France by the Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle.
96 1747 
  • 1747: Great Britain - Yorkshire pudding mentioned in recipes
  • 1747: Great Britain - Art of Cookery, by Hannah Glasse is published.
  • 1747: British North America - The oldest cattle ranch in the US was started at Montauk on Long Island, New York.
  • 1747: CA - Marguerite d'Youville (Born Varennes, France October 1701 Died December 28, 1771) founds the Sisters of Charity or the Grey Nuns of Montreal.
  • 1747: NL - Willem IV wordt erfstadhouder van alle gewesten.
  • 11 Feb 1747: CA - Nova Scotia, a surprise mid-winter attack is launched about three o'clock on the morning on Col. Arthur Noble's detachment of British troops from Massachusetts, by a French and Indian force under Nicholas Antoine Coulon de Villiers. Noble and about 70 of his men were killed.
97 1748 
  • 1748: CA - Ile Royale (Cape Breton Island) and Ile Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island), including Louisbourg is returned to France by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle.
  • 1748: CA - Treaty of Logstown (English with Shawnee, Delaware, Wyandot). English later base their claim to the whole Great Lakes and midwest (or Old Northwest as it was later called) on these two treaties.
  • 1748: CA - Treaty of Logstown (English with Shawnee, Delaware, Wyandot). English later base their claim to the whole Great Lakes and midwest (or Old Northwest as it was later called) on these two treaties.
  • 1748: NL - In Amsterdam worden op de Dam twee plunderaars opgehangen.
  • 18 Oct 1748: Great Britain - The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle brings the War of Austrian Succession to a close
98 1749 
  • 1749: Great Britain - Deaths among women 1 in 41, children 1 in 15 during period to 1758
  • 1749: CA - Halifax, capital of Nova Scotia, is founded by British General Edward Cornwallis to counter French presence at Louisbourg.
  • 1749: CA - La Vérendrye was awarded the cross of Saint Louis, in honour of his career.
  • 1749: CA - Halifax, capital of Nova Scotia, is founded by British General Edward Cornwallis to counter French presence at Louisbourg.
  • 1749: CA - La Vérendrye was awarded the cross of Saint Louis, in honour of his career.
99 1750 
  • 1750: Great Britain - The grapefruit was first described by Griffith Hughes as the 'forbidden fruit' of Barbados
  • 1750: Scotland - Royal Infirmaries are founded in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen
  • 1750: Great Britain - Tea-drinking begins to rival alcohol-drinking
  • 1750: Great Britain - Population of England and Wales estimated at 6.5 million
  • 1750: Great Britain - During period to 1780 English countryside takes on today's familiar apearance as accelerated enclosure produces small fields surrounded by hedges, fences and walls
  • 1750: CA - The Ojibwa begin to emerge as a distinct tribal amalgamation of smaller independent bands.
  • 1750: CA - German immigrants begin to arrive in numbers at Halifax.
  • 1750: NL - Het sterfjaar van Johann Sebastian Bach.
100 1751 
  • 1751: British North America - Benjamin Franklin published Experiments and Observations on Electricity after several years of experiments done with several friends. In this book Franklin suggested an experiment to prove that lightning is a large-scale electrical discharge, a task which later he took upon himself, using a kite. This led to the invention of the lightning rod.
  • 1751: Great Britain - Death of Frederick, Prince of Wales. His son, Prince George, becomes heir to the throne
  • 1751: CA - Fort Le Jonquiere was established in 1751 by Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre on the Saskatchewan River (probably in the Nipawin, Sask. area).
  • 1751: NL - Willem IV overlijdt. Willem V wordt de eerste onbenoemde stadhouder.
101 1752 
  • 1752: Great Britain - René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur showed by experiment that gastric juice liquifies meat.
  • 1752: Great Britain - Sir John Pringle (1707-1782), Scottish Army physician, publishes Observations on Diseases of the Army, institutes rules for camp hygiene, clothing and diet, shows how dysentery and malaria spread, identifies hospital / camp / gaol (jail) / ship fever as typhus
  • 1752: EU - Start of The Seven Years' War, King George's War: -- English (in New Canada) and French (in New France) duke it out, with Indian allies on each side. Both sides build forts or fortify trading posts in Indian country on the above map. Choctaw, Tuscarora, Yamasee, Cherokee, some Creeks, fight against English; Mohawks, Chickasaw fight for English against French.
  • 1752: CA- French kill Miami chief, fortify the Ohio Valley region with forts from Lake Erie to the forks of the Ohio River
  • 1752: CA- -La Corne began a three-year appointment as the western commander of the poste de l’Ouest
  • 1752: UK - The British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar.
  • 1 Jan 1752: Great Britain - Adoption of the Gregorian Calendar in Britain
  • 23 Mar 1752: CA - Canada's first newspaper, the weekly Halifax Gazette, appears
102 1753 
  • 1753: Great Britain - Parliament passes the Naturalization of Jews Act
  • 1753: Great Britain - James Lind (1716-1794) Scottish Navy physician, publishes Treatise on Scurvy; Sir Gilbert Blane, Scottish Naval surgeon, enforces strict rules regarding cleanliness, improves health, lifespan of sailors
  • 1753: CA - The 2nd Fort Paskoya built at a new location which became the Pas.
  • 1753: CA - A trading post, to be later known as Fort de la Corne was built just below the junction of the two branches of the Saskatchewan.
  • 1753: CA - Fort Rouge rebuilt by Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre at its original location.
103 1754 
  • 1754: Great Britain - First royal troops disembark in India; Takes 4.5 days to travel London to Manchester
  • 1754: France - Antoine Beauvilliers was born. He was a French chef who founded the first luxury restaurant, La Grande Taverne de Londres.
  • 1754: CA - Anthony Henday travels west from Hudson Bay onto Plains, meets natives on horseback and sees Rocky Mountains.
  • 1754: CA - France sends 3,000 regulars to Canada. Fort Duquesne is built. Benjamin Franklin says the British Colonies will have no peace while France holds Canada. Ango-French competition in the Ohio Valley sparks conflict.
  • 28 May 1754: Washington, with a few men, attacks Jumonville, with thirty followers, near the confluence of the Monongahela and Ohio Rivers. Jumonville and nine of his command are killed. The rest are taken prisoners. The French allege that, before firing began, Jumonville signaled that he had a proposal to make; but Washington says that he observed no signal.
104 1755 
  • 1755: Great Britain - Samuel Johnson publishes the first English language dictionary.
  • 1755: CA - William Johnson, British superintendent of Indian affairs in the northern colonies, persuades the Iroquois League to break its neutrality and side with England against France.
  • 1755: The Great Expulsion begins. English Expulsion of the French Acadians -- who lived and intermarried with Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Miq'maks (many of whom were also taken). Forcibly loaded into ships and deposited randomly along the southern (now American) coasts, many (probably 1/3 to 1/2) died. Some are ancestors of the Cajuns of Louisiana, and a few made their ways back home. Acadians were idealists, hostile to King and Church authority, who lived in peace with the Miq'maks. Neither the French rulers nor the English wanted them.
  • 23 Mar 1755: Great Britain - Josiah Spode was born; the inventor of Fine Bone China.
  • 16 Jun 1755: CA - Fort Beausejour, garrisoned by 400 Frenchmen, is surrendered to Col. Winslow, of Massachusetts, commanding 2,300, of whom 300 are regulars.
  • Jul 1755: CA/US - Seven British Colonial Governors form a Treaty with the Iroquois, and project a federal union for carrying on war, under a president to be named by the King.
  • 8 Sep 1755: US - Baron Dieskay, with 1,500 French and Indian troops, overcomes Col. Williams, with 1,400 English and Indians, near Fort George. Immediately afterwards, the French attack Col. Johnson's force, barricaded at Fort George, but are repelled, with heavy loss. The two commanders are wounded, and the two opposing Indian chiefs are killed. Baron Dieskay is captured by the English, who dress his wounds and earn his life-long gratitude by their kindness.
  • Nov 1755: US - For his success at Fort George, Col. Johnson is made a baronet, with a grant of 5,000 pounds.
105 1756 
  • 1756: Great Britain - Mayonnaise invented to commemorate a victory at the start of the Seven Years War, the successful seige of English-held St. Philip's Castle
  • 1756: Europe - Britain, allied with Prussia, declares war against France and her allies, Austria and Russia. The Seven Years' War begins
  • 1756: CA - France sends two battalions to Canada, with provisions, and 1,300,000 livres, in specie, which has the effect of depreciating the paper currency by 25 per cent.
  • 1756: NL - De geboorte van Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
  • Mar 1756: CA/US - A Canadian force of 300 captures Fort Bull, between Schenectady and Oswego, and puts the garrison to the sword.
  • May 1756: CA - Montcalm reaches Quebec with 1,400 soldiers.
  • 20 Jun 1756: Calcutta, India - Mîrzâ Mohammad Sirâjud Dawla takes the city and English prisoners suffocate in Black Hole; Robert Clive brings 2000 sepoys (Indian soldiers) from Madras to avenge, retakes Calcutta
  • 14 Aug 1756: CA/US - Though opposed to attacking any British fort, Montcalm, at the head of 3,100 regulars, Canadians and Indians, captures Fort Oswego, - a success attributable, mainly, to his intercepting a message to General Webb, commanding 2,000 men in the vicinity. Colonel Mercer is killed. The garrison (1,780) and about 100 women and children are taken prisoners.
106 1757 
  • 1757: Great Britain - William Pitt the elder becomes Prime Minister
  • 1757: India - Robert Clive wins the Battle of Plassey and secures the Indian province of Bengal for Britain
  • 1757: Great Britain - John Campbell invents the sextant.
  • 17 Mar 1757: CA/US - In four nights 1,500 French Canadians and Indians destroy the out-works of Fort William-Henry.
  • 30 Jul 1757: CA/US - Seven thousand men are collected to attack Fort William Henry.
  • 9 Aug 1757: CA/US - Fort William Henry, garrisoned by 2,200, capitulates. Violating the terms of capitulation, Indians kill, or recature, many of the garrison, whereupon Montcalm exclaims: "Kill me, but spare the English who are under my protection."
107 1758 
  • 1758: Great Britain - Dolland invents the achromatic lens.
  • 1758: Great Britain - Ribbing machine developed in England to make Jedediah Strutt stockings.
  • 1758: NL - Strenge winters. Des voorjaars veel turfvervoer naar Duitsland.
  • 8 Jul 1758: CA/US - General Abercrombie, with 15,390 men, attacks 3,600 French and Canadian troops entrenched and barricaded at Fort Ticonderoga. The British and Colonial forces are repulsed and lose 2,000 killed and wounded.
  • 27 Jul 1758: CA/US - After a long siege, the British, under James Wolfe and Jeffrey Amherst, capture Louisbourg, defended by about 5,637.
  • 25 Aug 1758: CA/US - Colonel Bradstreet, with nearly 3,000 men, mostly colonists, takes and burns Fort Frontenac (Kingston).
  • 14 Sep 1758: CA/US - Major Grant, with 800 Highlanders and some Virginians, is defeated by French and Indians, from Fort Duquesne, under Aubry.
  • 2 Oct 1758: CA - The Nova Scotia Provincial Parliament, Canada's oldest Legislative Assembly, first met on 2 October 1758 with 19 members
  • 12 Oct 1758: CA/US - Charles Lawrence, Military Governor of Nova Scotia, issued a Proclamation that is published in the Boston Gazette, informing the people of New England that since the enemy which had formerly disturbed and harassed the province was no longer able to do so, the time had come to people and cultivate, not only the lands made vacant by the removal of the Acadians, but other parts of "this valuable province" as well. The Proclamation concluded with the words "I shall be ready to receive any proposals that may be hereafter made to me for effectually settling the vacated, or any other lands within the said province."
  • 25 Nov 1758: CA/US - The French garrison of Fort Duquesne (500) set it on fire and abandoned it to General John Forbes. He renames it "Pittsburg," in honor of the Prime Minister of Great Britain, William Pitt the Elder.
108 1759 
  • 1759: Canada - Wolfe captures Quebec and expels the French
  • 1759: Great Britain - Battle of Quiberon (Brest fleet) and Battle of Lagos (Toulon fleet), Admirals Sir Edward Hawke and Boscawen, respectively, victorious for Britain; Dakar captured
  • 1759: British North America - Cherokee War: English Colonists vs Cherokee Indians 1759-1761.
  • 22 May 1759: A British fleet approaches Quebec.
  • 28 Jun 1759: CA - French fire ships, intended to burn the British fleet, at Quebec, are taken ashore by British sailors.
  • 26 Jul 1759: CA/US - Carillon (Fort Ticonderoga) is abandoned by the French.
  • 28 Jul 1759: CA - Another French fireship attack fails against the British.
  • 31 Jul 1759: CA - British forces attempt to take French fortifications at Montmorency and fail bitterly.
  • 8 Aug 1759: CA - British guns, on Point Levi, fire the lower town of Quebec.
  • 13 Sep 1759: CA - James Wolfe lands a force at Fuller's Cove, between 1 and 2 in the morning. They climb to the Plains of Abraham. At 6 a.m., Marquis de Montcalm is informed that the British have accomplished what he deemed impossible; but discredits the report. With 4,500, he fights about an equal number; but his men cannot resist bayonets. Each leader receives a mortal wound. Wolfe asks an officer to support him so that his followers may not be discouraged by his fall. An historian says of Wolfe: "He crowded into a few hours actions that would have given lustre to length of life; and, filling his day with greatness, completed it before its noon."
  • 14 Sep 1759: CA - Learning that he had but a few hours to live, Montcalm says: "So much the better; I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." Turning to de Ramsay he says: "To your keeping I commend the honor of France; as for me, I shall pass the night with God and prepare myself for death." He dies in the Castle of St. Louis.
  • 17 Sep 1759: CA - Capitulation of Quebec.
  • 18 Sep 1759: CA - The British take possession of Quebec.
109 1760 
  • 1760: Great Britain - Death of George II
  • 1760: Great Britain - George III, ruler of England to 1820. House of Hanover: Grandson of George II, married Charlotte of Mecklenburg.
  • 1760: CA - Fortress Louisbourg demolished by the British.
  • 1760: CA/US - Fall of Montreal and surrender of Great Lakes and Ohio Valley French forts to English. Lord Jeffrey Amherst starts a "get tough with Indians" policy, including the first biological warfare --smallpox-infested blankets. Amherst granted some Seneca (originally his allies) lands to his officers. Odawa chief Pontiac (and the Delaware Prophet) organize a resistance preaching return to traditional Indian customs. The 1761 draft Proclamation (to English governors), and the Royal Proclamation of 1763 (with a large Indian country in what's now the U.S. Great Lakes/Midwest) were part of the English Crown's attempt to mollify the Indians. Neither proclamation of undisturbed Indian lands was followed by settlers or the Crown.
  • 20 Apr 1760: CA - Seven thousand French troops start the battle to recapture Quebec.
  • 28 Apr 1760: CA - Murray's 7,714 troops retire to the Citadel, after fighting the Canadians outside the walls of Quebec. The French prepare to besiege the city.
  • 15 May 1760: A Frigate and Two British war-ships arrive. The British win a naval battle near Quebec.
  • 17 May 1760: CA - The French raise the siege of Quebec.
  • 6 Sep 1760: CA - General Jeffrey Amherst invades Montreal.
  • 7 Sep 1760: CA - A French council of war, at Montreal, favors capitulation.
  • 8 Sep 1760: CA - Amherst's, Murray's, and Haviland's commands, around Montreal, are about 17,000. The articles of capitulation are agreeable to the French, except that they do not concede "all the honors of war" or "perpetual neutrality of Canadians."
  • Nov 1760: CA - The British Conquest. General James Murray is appointed first British military governor of Quebec.

  

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